{"treaty-of-lausanne":{"extract":"The Treaty of Lausanne (French: Traité de Lausanne; Turkish: Lozan Antlaşması) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I. The original text of the treaty is in English and French. It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified Treaty of Sèvres, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the Turkish National Movement which actively opposed its terms. As a result of Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, Turkish forces recaptured İzmir, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in October 1922. This armistice provided for the exchange of Greek-Turkish populations and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the Turkish Straits.\n\nTurkey ratified the treaty on 23 August 1923, and all other signatories did so by 16 July 1924. The Treaty of Lausanne became effective on 6 August 1924.\n\nAdditionally, a declaration of amnesty was issued, granting immunity for crimes committed between 1914 and 1922, including the Armenian genocide and Greek genocide.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1377987590,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-02T08:00:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne","wikidata_qid":"Q193258","wikidata_classes":["peace treaty","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Turkey","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"1973-oil-crisis":{"extract":"In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against countries that had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.\n\nIn an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa.\n\nIn March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3/barrel to nearly US$12/barrel globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the first oil shock. A second oil shock occurred in 1979 in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378160425,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T05:48:45Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis","wikidata_qid":"Q316817","wikidata_classes":["oil crisis","economic crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Saudi Arabia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"first-intifada":{"extract":"The First Intifada (Arabic: الانتفاضة الأولى, romanized: al-Intifāḍa al-’Ūlā, lit. 'The First Uprising'), also known as the First Palestinian Intifada, was a sustained uprising involving violent and non-violent protests, acts of civil disobedience, riots, and terrorist attacks carried out by Palestinian civilians and militants in the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories and Israel. It was motivated by collective Palestinian frustration over Israel's military occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as it approached a twenty-year mark, having begun in the wake of the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference of 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, the year the Oslo Accords were signed.\n\nThe Intifada began on 9 December 1987 in the Jabalia refugee camp after an Israeli truck driver collided with parked civilian vehicles, killing four Palestinian workers, three of whom were from the refugee camp. Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier. Israel denied that the crash, which came at time of heightened tensions, was intentional or coordinated. The Palestinian response was characterized by protests, civil disobedience, and strikes, with excessive violence in response from Israeli security forces. There was graffiti, barricading, and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the Israeli army and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses.\n\nIsrael deployed some 80,000 soldiers in response. Israeli countermeasures, which initially included the use of live rounds frequently in cases of riots, were criticized by Human Rights Watch as disproportionate, in addition to Israel's excessive use of lethal force. In the first 13 months, 332 Palestinians and 12 Israelis were killed. Images of soldiers beating adolescents with clubs then led to the adoption of firing semi-lethal plastic bullets. During the whole six-year intifada, the Israeli army killed at least 1,087 Palestinians, of which 240 were children.\n\nAmong Israelis, 100 civilians and 60 Israeli soldiers were killed, often by militants outside the control of the Intifada's UNLU, and more than 1,400 Israeli civilians and 1,700 soldiers were injured. Intra-Palestinian violence was also a prominent feature of the Intifada, with widespread executions of an estimated 822 Palestinians killed as alleged Israeli collaborators (1988–April 1994). At the time, Israel reportedly obtained information from some 18,000 Palestinians who had been \"compromised\", although fewer than half had any proven contact with the Israeli authorities. Years later, the Second Intifada took place from September 2000 to 2005.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378812902,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-06T07:10:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada","wikidata_qid":"Q49105","wikidata_classes":["intifada","rebellion","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States \"excessive violence in response from Israeli security forces\" as fact; it does also cover attacks, Israeli casualties and killings of alleged collaborators.","highlights":["excessive violence in response from Israeli security forces"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"terrorist attacks carried out by Palestinian civilians and militants","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for part of the uprising in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["terrorist attacks carried out by Palestinian civilians and militants"]},"highlights":[{"text":"excessive violence in response from Israeli security forces","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"terrorist attacks carried out by Palestinian civilians and militants","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q151622","label":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict"},{"qid":"Q1753200","label":"intifada"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"cave-of-the-patriarchs-massacre","title":"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre","date_start":"1994-02-25"},{"id":"1978-south-lebanon-conflict","title":"1978 South Lebanon conflict","date_start":"1978-01-01"},{"id":"second-intifada","title":"Second Intifada","date_start":"2000-09-28"},{"id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon","title":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","date_start":"1968-01-01"},{"id":"2021-israel-palestine-crisis","title":"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis","date_start":"2021-05-06"}],"same_time":[{"id":"halabja-massacre","title":"Halabja massacre","date_start":"1988-03-16"},{"id":"second-battle-of-al-faw","title":"Second Battle of al-Faw","date_start":"1988-04-17"},{"id":"operation-praying-mantis","title":"Operation Praying Mantis","date_start":"1988-04-18"},{"id":"operation-earnest-will","title":"Operation Earnest Will","date_start":"1987-07-24"}]}},"syrian-civil-war":{"extract":"The Syrian civil war was an armed conflict that began with the Syrian revolution in March 2011, when popular discontent with the Ba'athist regime ruled by Bashar al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring. The Assad regime responded to the protests with lethal force, which led to a series of defections, the emergence of armed opposition groups, and the civilian uprising descending into a civil war. The war lasted almost 14 years and culminated in the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024. Many sources regard this as the end of the civil war even though clashes have continued into 2026.\n\nThe Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad began as an insurgency, forming groups such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA). Anti-Assad forces received arms and training from Qatar, Turkey, a United States-led program, and others. Pro-Assad forces received financial and military support from Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah: Iran launched a military intervention in support of the Syrian government in 2013, and Russia followed in 2015. By this time, rebels had established the Syrian Interim Government after capturing the regional capitals of Raqqa in 2013 and Idlib in 2015. Use of chemical weapons during the war, predominantly by Syrian government forces, was the deadliest since the Iran–Iraq War. The Ghouta sarin attack was followed by unsuccessful international attempts to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons through military action or diplomacy.\n\nIn 2014, the Islamic State (IS) seized control over Eastern Syria and Western Iraq, prompting a United States-led coalition to launch an aerial bombing campaign against the IS, while providing ground support and supplies to the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a Kurdish-dominated coalition led by the People's Defense Units (YPG). In 2016, Turkey launched an invasion of northern Syria in response to the creation of the Kurdish-led Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava), while also establishing the Syrian National Army (SNA) to help it fight ISIS and pro-Assad forces.\n\nThe 2016 victory of the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and other pro-Assad forces in the four-year Battle of Aleppo marked the recapture of what had been Syria's largest city before the war. In Idlib Governorate, the Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) militia formed the Syrian Salvation Government, a technocratic, Islamist administration that governed the region from 2017 until 2024. Meanwhile, IS was territorially defeated in the Syrian Desert, Central Syria, Raqqa, and Deir ez-Zor campaigns. In December 2019, the SAA and its allies launched an offensive on Idlib province, which resulted in a ceasefire lasting from 2020 until November 2024. During this period, there were regular clashes between pro-Assad forces and HTS.\n\nHTS launched a major offensive in November 2024, joined by the SNA. Aleppo fell in three days as the SAA began to collapse, giving momentum to revolutionaries across the country. HTS soon captured Hama and began to advance south towards Homs. Southern rebels and the Syrian Free Army launched their own offensive, capturing Daraa, Suwayda, and Palmyra. On 8 December, Bashar al-Assad fled to Moscow as Homs fell to HTS while southern rebels entered Damascus. Assad's prime minister remained in Damascus and transferred power to a provisional government. Israel launched an invasion of Syria's Quneitra Governorate (including the UN buffer zone) from its 58-year occupation of the Syrian Golan Heights.\n\nAt the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference held at the Presidential Palace in Damascus in January 2025, the new government announced the dissolution of several armed militias and their integration into the Syrian Ministry of Defense, as well as the appointment of former HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa as president of Syria. Later that year, a Druze insurgency formed in the southern Suweida Governorate following clashes with the government and alleged sectarian violence.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379958598,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T23:09:11Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war","wikidata_qid":"Q178810","wikidata_classes":["civil war","proxy war","communal violence","war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Uses \"Assad regime\" and \"revolutionaries\" as fact and describes Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham without mentioning its al-Qaeda origins.","highlights":["Assad regime","revolutionaries"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"Assad regime","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"revolutionaries","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q33761","label":"Arab Spring","id":"arab-spring"},{"qid":"Q17512479","label":"Arab Winter","id":"arab-winter"}],"includes":[{"id":"turkish-involvement-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2011-01-01"},{"id":"syrian-revolution","title":"Syrian revolution","date_start":"2011-03-15"},{"id":"siege-of-homs","title":"Siege of Homs","date_start":"2011-05-06"},{"id":"siege-of-talkalakh-may-2011","title":"Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)","date_start":"2011-05-14"},{"id":"houla-massacre","title":"Houla massacre","date_start":"2012-05-25"},{"id":"battle-of-aleppo-2012-2016","title":"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)","date_start":"2012-07-19"},{"id":"rojava-revolution","title":"Rojava Revolution","date_start":"2012-07-19"},{"id":"battle-of-ras-al-ayn-2012-13","title":"Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)","date_start":"2012-12-17"},{"id":"battle-of-raqqa-2013","title":"Battle of Raqqa (2013)","date_start":"2013-03-02"},{"id":"ghouta-chemical-attack","title":"Ghouta chemical attack","date_start":"2013-08-21"},{"id":"war-against-the-islamic-state","title":"War against the Islamic State","date_start":"2014-06-13"},{"id":"siege-of-deir-ez-zor-2014-2017","title":"Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)","date_start":"2014-07-14"},{"id":"siege-of-kobani","title":"Siege of Kobanî","date_start":"2014-09-15"},{"id":"operation-chammal","title":"Opération Chammal","date_start":"2014-09-19"},{"id":"2015-2016-latakia-offensive","title":"2015–2016 Latakia offensive","date_start":"2015-01-01"},{"id":"battle-of-idlib-2015","title":"Battle of Idlib (2015)","date_start":"2015-03-28"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"},{"id":"2015-al-hawl-offensive","title":"2015 al-Hawl offensive","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"2015-russian-sukhoi-su-24-shootdown","title":"2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown","date_start":"2015-11-24"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-march-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (March 2016)","date_start":"2016-03-09"},{"id":"operation-euphrates-shield","title":"Operation Euphrates Shield","date_start":"2016-08-24"},{"id":"manbij-offensive-2016","title":"Manbij offensive (2016)","date_start":"2016-08-27"},{"id":"battle-of-al-bab","title":"Battle of al-Bab","date_start":"2016-11-06"},{"id":"raqqa-campaign-2016-2017","title":"Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)","date_start":"2016-11-06"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-december-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (December 2016)","date_start":"2016-12-08"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-2017","title":"Palmyra offensive (2017)","date_start":"2017-03-02"},{"id":"2017-shayrat-missile-strike","title":"2017 Shayrat missile strike","date_start":"2017-04-07"},{"id":"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing","title":"2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing","date_start":"2017-04-15"},{"id":"syria-missile-strikes-september-2018","title":"Syria missile strikes (September 2018)","date_start":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"december-2019-united-states-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01"},{"id":"northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020","title":"Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)","date_start":"2019-12-19"},{"id":"operation-spring-shield","title":"Operation Spring Shield","date_start":"2020-02-27"},{"id":"2023-homs-drone-strike","title":"2023 Homs drone strike","date_start":"2023-10-05"},{"id":"2024-syrian-opposition-offensives","title":"2024 Syrian opposition offensives","date_start":"2024-11-27"},{"id":"southern-syria-offensive-2024","title":"Southern Syria offensive (2024)","date_start":"2024-11-29"},{"id":"israeli-invasion-of-syria-2024-present","title":"Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)","date_start":"2024-12-08"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2011-2012-iranian-protests","title":"2011–2012 Iranian protests","date_start":"2011-02-14"},{"id":"2011-bahraini-uprising","title":"2011 Bahraini uprising","date_start":"2011-02-14"},{"id":"sinai-insurgency","title":"Sinai insurgency","date_start":"2011-02-05"},{"id":"yemeni-revolution","title":"Yemeni revolution","date_start":"2011-01-27"},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25"}],"same_time":[{"id":"siege-of-daraa","title":"Siege of Daraa","date_start":"2011-04-25"},{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11"},{"id":"2011-alexandria-bombing","title":"2011 Alexandria bombing","date_start":"2011-01-01"},{"id":"june-2011-jisr-ash-shughur-clashes","title":"June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes","date_start":"2011-06-04"},{"id":"2011-turkish-general-election","title":"2011 Turkish general election","date_start":"2011-06-12"}]}},"greek-landing-at-smyrna":{"extract":"The Greek landing at Smyrna (Greek: Ελληνική απόβαση στη Σμύρνη; Turkish: Yunanların İzmir'e çıkışı) was a military operation by Greek forces starting on May 15, 1919 which involved landing troops in the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.\n\nThe landing was sanctioned by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who argued that: \"[a] massacre is taking place over there and there is nobody to protect the Greek population\". The Allied powers oversaw the planning of the operation and assisted by directing their forces to take over some key locations and moving warships to the Smyrna harbor. During the landing, a shot was fired on the Greek 1/38 Evzone Regiment and significant violence ensued between both communities, however it was unsystematic and the Greek command tried to thwart it. The event became important for creating the three-year-long Greek Occupation of Smyrna and was a major spark for the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379954385,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T22:32:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna","wikidata_qid":"Q5601971","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Justifies the landing with Lloyd George's words, then calls the violence against Turkish civilians \"unsystematic\" and says the Greek command \"tried to thwart it\". The Turkish perspective is absent.","highlights":["unsystematic","tried to thwart it"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"unsystematic","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"tried to thwart it","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q87138","label":"Greco-Turkish War","id":"greco-turkish-war-1919-1922"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"yalova-peninsula-massacres","title":"Yalova Peninsula massacres","date_start":"1920-01-01"},{"id":"second-battle-of-inonu","title":"Second Battle of İnönü","date_start":"1921-04-01"},{"id":"battle-of-the-sakarya","title":"Battle of the Sakarya","date_start":"1921-08-23"},{"id":"turkish-capture-of-smyrna","title":"Turkish capture of Smyrna","date_start":"1922-09-09"}],"same_time":[{"id":"turkish-war-of-independence","title":"Turkish War of Independence","date_start":"1919-05-19"},{"id":"occupation-of-constantinople","title":"Occupation of Constantinople","date_start":"1918-11-13"}]}},"battle-of-the-chinese-farm":{"extract":"The Battle of the Chinese Farm took place during October 15 to October 17, 1973 between the Egyptian Army and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), as part of the Yom Kippur War. It was fought in the Sinai Peninsula, north of the Great Bitter Lake and just east of the Suez Canal, near an Egyptian agricultural research station. The area was known to the Israeli military as the Chinese Farm – a misnomer resulting from the research station's use of Japanese-made equipment, with Japanese writing on the machinery mistaken by Israeli observers for Chinese.\n\nCombat began when the IDF launched Operation Abiray-Lev (\"Knights of the Heart\"): an attempt to establish a corridor to the canal, and allow bridges to be laid for a crossing. Under Abiray-Lev, the Israelis attacked Egyptian forces in and around the Chinese Farm.\n\nDetermined Egyptian resistance made progress extremely slow for the Israelis, who suffered heavy losses. The Israelis were repeatedly reinforced with armor but were unable to make much headway, only managing to seize an important crossroad on the second day. Suffering from a lack of infantry, the Israelis brought up paratroopers during the night of October 16–17. They were tasked with clearing anti-tank defenses for the armor, but they became pinned down by heavy Egyptian fire. The paratroopers drew Egyptian attention long enough for the Israelis to move bridging equipment to the canal undetected. Armored forces later extricated the paratroopers.\n\nThe Egyptians attempted to restore their defenses to their initial dispositions with an armored attack on October 17. It initially succeeded, but was pushed back by Israeli counterattacks in an armored battle lasting the entire day. Seriously depleted by the continuous fighting, the Egyptians relinquished control of the routes to the canal, opening them up to the Israelis. The battle is remembered as one of the most costly and brutal battles of the war.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375932656,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-20T23:57:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chinese_Farm","wikidata_qid":"Q2072316","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49100","label":"Yom Kippur War","id":"yom-kippur-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-badr-1973","title":"Operation Badr (1973)","date_start":"1973-01-01"},{"id":"ofira-air-battle","title":"Ofira Air Battle","date_start":"1973-10-06"},{"id":"battle-of-latakia","title":"Battle of Latakia","date_start":"1973-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-baltim","title":"Battle of Baltim","date_start":"1973-10-09"},{"id":"valley-of-tears","title":"Valley of Tears","date_start":"1973-10-09"}]}},"operation-moses":{"extract":"Operation Moses (Hebrew: מִבְצָע מֹשֶׁה, Mivtza Moshe) was the covert evacuation of Ethiopian Jews (known as the \"Beta Israel\" community from Sudan during a civil war that caused a famine in 1984. Originally called Gur Aryeh Yehuda (\"Cub of the Lion of Judah\") by Israelis, the United Jewish Appeal changed the name to \"Operation Moses\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374973755,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-15T03:16:55Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moses","wikidata_qid":"Q371967","wikidata_classes":["military operation","airlift","rescue operation","humanitarian aid"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":"Shown as \"war\" because Wikidata types it as a military operation; it was an evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel.","data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q202812","label":"Beta Israel"},{"qid":"Q597260","label":"Aliyah"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"iran-israel-proxy-conflict","title":"Iran–Israel proxy conflict","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"israeli-occupation-of-southern-lebanon-1982-2000","title":"Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"israeli-withdrawal-from-lebanon","title":"South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"1984-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1984 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1984-07-23"}]}},"siege-of-daraa":{"extract":"The siege of Daraa occurred within the context of the 2011 Arab Spring protests in Syria, in which Daraa was the center of unrest. On 25 April 2011, the Syrian Army began a ten-day siege of the city, an operation that helped escalate the uprising into an armed rebellion and subsequent civil war.\n\nThe Syrian Army's siege involved tanks, helicopters, and up to 6,000 troops. More than 1,000 people were arrested and more than 244 people were killed, many of them children.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373580951,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-06T19:11:35Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa","wikidata_qid":"Q2980537","wikidata_classes":["siege"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q14746872","label":"Syrian revolution","id":"syrian-revolution"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"june-2011-jisr-ash-shughur-clashes","title":"June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes","date_start":"2011-06-04"}],"same_time":[{"id":"siege-of-homs","title":"Siege of Homs","date_start":"2011-05-06"},{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11"},{"id":"siege-of-talkalakh-may-2011","title":"Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)","date_start":"2011-05-14"},{"id":"syrian-civil-war","title":"Syrian civil war","date_start":"2011-03-15"},{"id":"2011-turkish-general-election","title":"2011 Turkish general election","date_start":"2011-06-12"}]}},"rabaa-massacre":{"extract":"On 14 August 2013, the Egyptian police and to a lesser extent the armed forces, under the command of then-Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, used lethal force to clear two camps of protesters in Cairo. Estimates of those killed vary from 600 to 2,600. For six weeks, the two sites, at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square and al-Nahda Square, had been occupied by supporters of President Mohamed Morsi, who had been overthrown by a military coup the prior month following mass protests against his rule. Initiatives to end the six-week sit-ins by peaceful means had failed. The camps were cleared out within hours.\n\nHuman Rights Watch (HRW) described the sit-in dispersals as crimes against humanity, and called them \"one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history\", in reference to the numerous deaths that occurred.\n\nThe exact death toll during the incident is unclear, and multiple sources have given conflicting estimates. HRW stated that 817 were killed by government forces in Rabaa Square and 87 in al-Nahda Square. The Egyptian Health Ministry figures were 595 protesters and 43 police officers killed, and 3,994 injured. However, The Forensic Medical Authority stated that the number of police officers killed was only eight. Egypt's National Council for Human Rights stated that at least 624 civilians were killed. The Muslim Brotherhood and the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy stated the number of deaths from the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque sit-in alone was about 2,600. The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day in Egypt since the 2011 Egyptian revolution which toppled former president Hosni Mubarak.\n\nSeveral world leaders denounced the deadly violence during the sit-in dispersion. However, the sit-in, before it was dispersed, was coupled with widespread violent acts of retaliation by the Islamist groups targeting government security personnel and churches in several cities across Egypt. The interim government declared a three-month-long state of emergency and curfews were enforced in many cities.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380208632,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-14T12:11:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaa_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q14575581","wikidata_classes":["protest","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"NPOV","guideline_name":"Avoid stating opinions as facts","shortcut":"WP:YESPOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ANeutral_point_of_view&oldid=1370393267#Explanation","phrase":"overthrown by a military coup","note":"Calls Morsi's removal \"a military coup\" in Wikipedia's own voice."}],"highlights":["overthrown by a military coup"]},"highlights":[{"text":"overthrown by a military coup","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"mcmahon-hussein-correspondence","title":"McMahon–Hussein correspondence","date_start":"1915-07-14","km":0,"bearing":270},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25","km":0,"bearing":282},{"id":"cairo-fire","title":"Cairo fire","date_start":"1952-01-26","km":1.7,"bearing":336},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22","km":1.8,"bearing":132},{"id":"2012-2013-egyptian-protests","title":"2012–2013 Egyptian protests","date_start":"2012-11-22","km":2.2,"bearing":236}],"same_time":[{"id":"ghouta-chemical-attack","title":"Ghouta chemical attack","date_start":"2013-08-21"},{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03"},{"id":"2013-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2013 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2013-06-14"},{"id":"iranian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2013-06-09"},{"id":"gezi-park-protests","title":"Gezi Park protests","date_start":"2013-05-28"}]}},"march-2016-ankara-bombing":{"extract":"The March 2016 Ankara bombing killed at least 37 people and injured 125. Of the 125 individuals who suffered injuries, 19 were seriously harmed. Several buildings were also damaged during the event, and a bus and many cars were reportedly completely destroyed.\n\nThe bombing took place on Atatürk Boulevard, near Güvenpark, at a point where several bus stops were located. A car laden with explosives was used for the attack, and the buses carrying civilians were targeted. The area was subsequently evacuated as a precaution against the possibility of further attacks.\n\nFollowing the attack, Turkish authorities reportedly imposed media restrictions: journalists said some broadcast media were subject to a ban on covering aspects of the attack, and the Turkish broadcasting authority, RTÜK, issued a ban on covering aspects of the explosion. Analysts also said that access to social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter was \"extremely slow or blocked after the explosion,\" as social media sites in Turkey were reportedly blocked with the justification that the sites contained graphic images of the explosion.\n\nThe daily Sözcü reported that the Ministry of the Interior identified the assailant as Seher Çağla Demir, a Kurdish militant studying at Balıkesir University. A few days later on 17 March 2016, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) claimed responsibility. The group had already claimed the previous Ankara bombing in February.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1357138348,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-05-31T23:47:49Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q23045905","wikidata_classes":["mass murder","truck bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q21070576","label":"timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"february-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"February 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-02-17"},{"id":"2016-besiktas-bombings","title":"2016 Beşiktaş bombings","date_start":"2016-12-10"},{"id":"2019-turkish-offensive-into-northeastern-syria","title":"2019 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01"}],"nearby":[{"id":"assassination-of-andrei-karlov","title":"Assassination of Andrei Karlov","date_start":"2016-12-19","km":1.3,"bearing":165},{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10","km":2,"bearing":335},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07","km":26.1,"bearing":27},{"id":"turkish-aerospace-industries-headquarters-attack","title":"Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack","date_start":"2024-10-23","km":29.2,"bearing":308}],"same_time":[{"id":"palmyra-offensive-march-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (March 2016)","date_start":"2016-03-09"},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19"},{"id":"iskandariya-suicide-bombing","title":"Iskandariya suicide bombing","date_start":"2016-03-25"},{"id":"2016-iranian-legislative-election","title":"2016 Iranian legislative election","date_start":"2016-02-25"},{"id":"2016-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2016 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2016-04-13"}]}},"german-ottoman-alliance":{"extract":"The German–Ottoman alliance was ratified by the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire on August 2, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I. It was created as part of a joint effort to strengthen and modernize the weak Ottoman military and to provide Germany with safe passage into the neighbouring British colonies.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1349946519,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-04-19T16:12:42Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Ottoman_alliance","wikidata_qid":"Q261982","wikidata_classes":["military alliance","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"caucasus-campaign","title":"Caucasus campaign","date_start":"1914-10-29"},{"id":"ottoman-entry-into-world-war-i","title":"Ottoman entry into World War I","date_start":"1914-10-29"},{"id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i","title":"Middle Eastern theatre of World War I","date_start":"1914-10-30"},{"id":"fao-landing","title":"Fao Landing","date_start":"1914-11-06"},{"id":"mesopotamian-campaign","title":"Mesopotamian campaign","date_start":"1914-11-06"}]}},"operation-hiram":{"extract":"Operation Hiram was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was led by General Moshe Carmel, and aimed at capturing the Upper Galilee region from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) forces led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji and a Syrian battalion. The operation, which lasted 60 hours (29–31 October), ended just before the ceasefire with the neighboring Arab countries went into effect.\n\nAs a result of the operation, the Upper Galilee, originally slated by the United Nations partition plan to be part of an Arab state, would be controlled by the newly formed state of Israel, and more than 50,000 new Palestinian refugees were expelled from their homes.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370633020,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T05:19:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hiram","wikidata_qid":"Q2915580","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49092","label":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","id":"1948-arab-israeli-war"},{"qid":"Q12184968","label":"ethnic cleansing in Palestine"}],"includes":[{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"al-dawayima-massacre","title":"Al-Dawayima massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"operation-yoav","title":"Operation Yoav","date_start":"1948-10-15"},{"id":"operation-horev","title":"Operation Horev","date_start":"1948-12-22"},{"id":"operation-uvda","title":"Operation Uvda","date_start":"1949-03-05"},{"id":"operation-pleshet","title":"Operation Pleshet","date_start":"1948-05-29"}],"same_time":[{"id":"safsaf-massacre","title":"Safsaf massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01"},{"id":"1949-israeli-constituent-assembly-election","title":"1949 Israeli Constituent Assembly election","date_start":"1949-01-25"},{"id":"march-1949-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"March 1949 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1949-03-29"},{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"}]}},"tel-al-zaatar-massacre":{"extract":"The Tel al-Zaatar massacre was the killing of approximately 1,500 Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims in the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon on 12 August 1976. The massacre occurred during the Lebanese Civil War, after the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp had been under siege since January 1976 by Lebanese Christian militias of the Lebanese Front led by the Kataeb Phalangists. The attack on al-Zaatar was part of a wider campaign to expel Palestinians from Lebanon, especially those affiliated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). After the massacre, the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp was depopulated and destroyed.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380009776,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-13T06:53:01Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q2359563","wikidata_classes":["massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q208484","label":"Lebanese Civil War","id":"lebanese-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"damour-massacre","title":"Damour massacre","date_start":"1976-01-20"},{"id":"karantina-massacre","title":"Karantina massacre","date_start":"1976-01-18"},{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"},{"id":"sabra-and-shatila-massacre","title":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","date_start":"1982-09-16"},{"id":"1983-us-embassy-bombing-in-beirut","title":"1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut","date_start":"1983-04-18"}],"same_time":[{"id":"syrian-occupation-of-lebanon","title":"Syrian occupation of Lebanon","date_start":"1976-05-31"}]}},"gezi-park-protests":{"extract":"A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Gezi Park. The protests were sparked by outrage at the violent eviction of a sit-in at the park protesting the plan. Subsequently, supporting protests and strikes took place across Turkey, protesting against a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the press, of expression and of assembly, as well as the AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism. With no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organised the original environmental protest, the protests have been compared to the Occupy movement and the May 1968 events. Social media played a key part in the protests, not least because much of the Turkish media downplayed the protests, particularly in the early stages. Three and a half million people (out of Turkey's population of 80 million) are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest. Twenty-two people were killed and more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.\n\nThe sit-in at Gezi Park was restored after police withdrew from Taksim Square on 1 June, and developed into a protest camp, with thousands of protesters in tents, organising a library, medical centre, food distribution and their own media. After the Gezi Park camp was cleared by riot police on 15 June, protesters began to meet in other parks all around Turkey and organised public forums to discuss ways forward for the protests. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismissed the protesters as \"a few looters\" on 2 June. Police suppressed the protests with tear gas and water cannons. In addition to the 11 deaths and over 8,000 injuries, more than 3,000 arrests were made. Police brutality and the overall absence of government dialogue with the protesters was criticised by some foreign governments and international organisations.\n\nThe range of the protesters was described as being broad, encompassing both right- and left-wing individuals. Their complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as the authoritarianism of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, curbs on alcohol, a recent row about kissing in public, and the war in Syria. Protesters called themselves çapulcu (looters), reappropriating Erdoğan's insult for them (and coined the derivative \"chapulling\", given the meaning of \"fighting for your rights\"). Many users on Twitter also changed their screenname and used çapulcu instead. According to various analysts, the protests were the most challenging events for Erdoğan's ten-year term and the most significant showing of nationwide disquiet in decades.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1376372148,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-23T19:48:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q13410316","wikidata_classes":["civil disorder","protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Lists the \"AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism\" as fact among the protesters' concerns, and gives the government's side only through Erdoğan's insult (\"a few looters\"); the police response is described through criticism.","highlights":["the AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism","a few looters"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"the AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"a few looters","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"iranian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2013-06-09"},{"id":"2013-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2013 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2013-06-14"},{"id":"2013-reyhanl-car-bombings","title":"2013 Reyhanlı car bombings","date_start":"2013-05-11"},{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03"},{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14"}]}},"2018-turkish-general-election":{"extract":"General elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018. Presidential elections were held to elect the President of Turkey using a two-round system. Parliamentary elections took place to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.\n\nThe elections had originally been scheduled for 3 November 2019, until the Erdoğan government called for early elections on 18 April 2018.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1374331990,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-11T10:25:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Turkish_general_election","wikidata_qid":"Q30588330","wikidata_classes":["group of elections","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"2018-turkish-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Turkish parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-06-24"},{"id":"2018-turkish-presidential-election","title":"2018 Turkish presidential election","date_start":"2018-06-24"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2018-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-05-12"},{"id":"operation-house-of-cards","title":"Operation House of Cards","date_start":"2018-05-10"},{"id":"united-states-withdrawal-from-the-joint-comprehensive-plan-of-action","title":"United States withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal","date_start":"2018-05-08"},{"id":"2018-lebanese-general-election","title":"2018 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2018-05-06"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-occupation-of-socotra","title":"United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra","date_start":"2018-04-30"}]}}}