{"al-anfal-campaign":{"extract":"The Anfal campaign, was a counterinsurgency operation, described by many scholars and human rights groups as a genocide or ethnic cleansing, which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Ba'athist regime committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians. While the primary targets were Kurds, other minorities in the north such as Assyrians and Turkmen also fell victim to the Anfal campaign.\n\nThe Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein. The campaign's name was taken from the title of the eighth chapter of the Qur'an (al-ʾanfāl).\n\nIn 1993, Human Rights Watch released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling, which stated that documentary evidence was not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide. Although many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings of Kurdish civilians during Anfal, the event is an important element constituting Kurdish national identity.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1377434227,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-29T10:32:00Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_campaign","wikidata_qid":"Q529723","wikidata_classes":["military campaign","military operation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 1986 (1986-02-23) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [1988, 1993, 1991, 2007]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Weakens the genocide finding, which it attributes to \"many scholars and human rights groups\", with a 2007 Hague court ruling and a sweeping, unattributed statement that \"many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings\". It does not mention that Iraq's High Tribunal convicted Ali Hassan al-Majid of genocide for the campaign in 2007.","highlights":["This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling","many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"halabja-massacre","title":"Halabja massacre","date_start":"1988-03-16"}]},"cedar-revolution":{"extract":"The Cedar Revolution (Arabic: ثورة الأرز, romanized: thawrat al-arz), known in Lebanon as the Independence intifada (انتفاضة الاستقلال, intifadat al-istiqlal), was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri. The popular movement was remarkable for its avoidance of violence, peaceful approach, and its total reliance on methods of civil resistance.\n\nThe primary goals of the activists were the withdrawal of the Syrian troops which had occupied Lebanon since 1976, the replacement of a government heavily influenced by Syrian interests by more independent leadership, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials to ensure the success of the plan, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. More generally, the demonstrators demanded the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics.\n\nAt the start of the demonstrations, Syria had a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon. Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on 27 April 2005. With the resignation of the pro-Syrian Karami government on 19 April, the 2005 general election, and the establishment of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, the main goals of the revolution were achieved.\n\nThe opposition used the white-and-red scarf and the blue ribbon as its symbols. The most popular motto of the movement was Hurriyyeh, Siyedeh, Istiqlel (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence).","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379950454,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T21:57:39Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution","wikidata_qid":"Q184310","wikidata_classes":["revolution"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Lebanon","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"PUFFERY","guideline_name":"Puffery","shortcut":"MOS:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Puffery","phrase":"remarkable for its avoidance of violence","note":"Praises the movement as \"remarkable\" in Wikipedia's own voice."}],"highlights":["remarkable for its avoidance of violence"]},"highlights":[{"text":"remarkable for its avoidance of violence","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"assassination-of-rafic-hariri","title":"Assassination of Rafic Hariri","date_start":"2005-02-14"},{"id":"january-2005-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2005-01-30"},{"id":"2005-palestinian-presidential-election","title":"2005 Palestinian presidential election","date_start":"2005-01-09"},{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"2005-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2005 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2005-06-17"}]}},"battle-of-elli":{"extract":"The Battle of Elli (Greek: Ναυμαχία της Έλλης, Turkish: İmroz Deniz Muharebesi) or the Battle of the Dardanelles took place near the mouth of the Dardanelles on 16 December [O.S. 3 December] 1912 as part of the First Balkan War between the fleets of the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. It was the largest sea battle of the Balkan Wars.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376674641,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-25T16:11:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elli","wikidata_qid":"Q604175","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q177918","label":"First Balkan War"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"first-battle-of-catalca","title":"First Battle of Çatalca","date_start":"1912-11-17"},{"id":"battle-of-bulair","title":"Battle of Bulair","date_start":"1913-01-26"},{"id":"siege-of-adrianople-1912-1913","title":"Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)","date_start":"1912-11-03"},{"id":"battle-of-lule-burgas","title":"Battle of Lule Burgas","date_start":"1912-10-28"}],"same_time":[{"id":"balkan-wars","title":"Balkan Wars","date_start":"1912-10-08"},{"id":"1912-ottoman-coup-d-etat","title":"1912 Ottoman coup d'état","date_start":"1912-07-17"}]}},"dujail-massacre":{"extract":"The Dujail massacre was the mass killing of Shia civilians by the Ba'athist Iraqi government between 8 July 1982 and 1985 in Dujail in Iraq. The mass killing was committed in retaliation for an assassination attempt by the Iranian-backed Islamic Dawa Party on the President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. The town of Dujail had a large Shia population, with 75,000 residents at the time of the incident, and was a well-known stronghold of the Dawa Party. It is located approximately 53 km (33 mi) from the capital of Baghdad, in the Sunni-majority Saladin Governorate of Iraq.\n\nHundreds of men, women and children were detained after the failed assassination attempt and more than 140 were sentenced and executed for their alleged involvement in the plot, including four who were mistakenly killed. Hundreds more were deported and their houses, farms and properties demolished.\n\nFollowing his capture and subsequent trial during the Iraq War, Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 for crimes against humanity in connection with his involvement in the Dujail massacre. Many others, including Saddam’s brother, were also sentenced and executed for many crimes against humanity.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373932140,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-08T20:34:47Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q4810109","wikidata_classes":["massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"siege-of-beirut","title":"Siege of Beirut","date_start":"1982-06-14"},{"id":"operation-mole-cricket-19","title":"Operation Mole Cricket 19","date_start":"1982-06-09"},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07"},{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"},{"id":"operation-beit-ol-moqaddas","title":"Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas","date_start":"1982-05-24"}]}},"qana-massacre":{"extract":"The Qana massacre took place on April 18, 1996, near Qana, a village in then Israeli-occupied Southern Lebanon, when the Israeli military fired artillery shells at a United Nations compound, which was sheltering around 800 Lebanese civilians, killing 106 and injuring around 116. Four Fijian United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon soldiers were also seriously injured.\n\nThe attack occurred amid heavy fighting between the Israel Defense Forces and Hezbollah during Operation Grapes of Wrath. According to Israel, it had launched the artillery barrage to cover an Israeli special forces unit after it had come under mortar fire launched from the vicinity of the compound and radioed a request for support. Israel's claims were refuted by a United Nations investigation which later found that the Israeli shelling was deliberate, based on video evidence showing an Israeli reconnaissance drone over the compound before the shelling. The Israeli government at first denied the existence of the drone, but then said, after being told of the video evidence, that the drone was on a different mission. Israel rejected the findings of the UN report concerning the incident.\n\nThe incident would attract attention in later years after Naftali Bennett, the commander of the Israeli commando unit which had called in the barrage, entered politics, eventually becoming Prime Minister of Israel.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1372947584,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-03T03:25:22Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q712897","wikidata_classes":["bombardment","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Says the UN investigation \"refuted\" Israel's account and \"found that the Israeli shelling was deliberate\"; the UN report said it was \"unlikely\" to be the result of errors, a softer finding.","highlights":["refuted","found that the Israeli shelling was deliberate"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"Israel's claims were refuted by a United Nations investigation","note":"Israel's account is \"claims\" that were \"refuted\", which settles a dispute the summary itself reports (Israel rejected the findings)."}],"highlights":["Israel's claims were refuted by a United Nations investigation"]},"highlights":[{"text":"refuted","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"found that the Israeli shelling was deliberate","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"Israel's claims were refuted by a United Nations investigation","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1473919","label":"Operation Grapes of Wrath","id":"operation-grapes-of-wrath"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2006-qana-airstrike","title":"2006 Qana airstrike","date_start":"2006-07-30","km":0.6,"bearing":357},{"id":"avivim-school-bus-bombing","title":"Avivim school bus bombing","date_start":"1970-05-22","km":20,"bearing":145},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01","km":20.3,"bearing":88},{"id":"ma-alot-massacre","title":"Ma'alot massacre","date_start":"1974-05-15","km":21.4,"bearing":183},{"id":"kiryat-shmona-massacre","title":"Kiryat Shmona massacre","date_start":"1974-04-11","km":25,"bearing":88}],"same_time":[{"id":"1996-israeli-general-election","title":"1996 Israeli general election","date_start":"1996-05-29"},{"id":"khobar-towers-bombing","title":"Khobar Towers bombing","date_start":"1996-06-25"},{"id":"1996-palestinian-general-election","title":"1996 Palestinian general election","date_start":"1996-01-20"},{"id":"assassination-of-yitzhak-rabin","title":"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin","date_start":"1995-11-04"}]}},"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing":{"extract":"On 15 April 2017, a car bomb detonated near a convoy of buses in the al-Rashideen neighbourhood of western Aleppo, Syria. The buses carried civilian evacuees from the besieged government-controlled towns of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya and were guarded by rebel fighters. The bombing killed at least 126 people including at least 80 children.\n\nThe bus evacuation was part of an agreement brokered by the Syrian government, Iran, and Qatar, and implemented by the Syrian Arab Red Crescent. Under the terms of the evacuation deal, residents of the Shia communities of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya, which supported the Syrian government and were surrounded by the Army of Conquest, would be transported to Aleppo. In return, residents of Madaya and Al-Zabadani, which are Sunni-majority and support the opposition, would be transported to the Idlib province.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1364204518,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-15T03:49:32Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q29413569","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2017-shayrat-missile-strike","title":"2017 Shayrat missile strike","date_start":"2017-04-07"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-2017","title":"Palmyra offensive (2017)","date_start":"2017-03-02"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-december-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (December 2016)","date_start":"2016-12-08"},{"id":"battle-of-al-bab","title":"Battle of al-Bab","date_start":"2016-11-06"},{"id":"raqqa-campaign-2016-2017","title":"Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)","date_start":"2016-11-06"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-aleppo-2024","title":"Battle of Aleppo (2024)","date_start":"2024-01-01","km":11.2,"bearing":62},{"id":"battle-of-aleppo-2012-2016","title":"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)","date_start":"2012-07-19","km":11.2,"bearing":62},{"id":"operation-olive-branch","title":"Operation Olive Branch","date_start":"2018-01-20","km":41.6,"bearing":336},{"id":"2013-reyhanl-car-bombings","title":"2013 Reyhanlı car bombings","date_start":"2013-05-11","km":45.3,"bearing":284}],"same_time":[{"id":"2017-turkish-constitutional-referendum","title":"2017 Turkish constitutional referendum","date_start":"2017-04-16"},{"id":"palm-sunday-church-bombings","title":"Palm Sunday church bombings","date_start":"2017-04-09"},{"id":"khan-shaykhun-chemical-attack","title":"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack","date_start":"2017-04-04"},{"id":"2017-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2017 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2017-05-19"},{"id":"2017-minya-bus-attack","title":"2017 Minya bus attack","date_start":"2017-05-26"}]}},"2019-egyptian-constitutional-referendum":{"extract":"A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt between 20 and 22 April 2019, The main proposed amendments were re-establishing the presidential term to six years, from four previously, and lengthening the then president's current term and allowing him to stand for an additional term in office, thereby allowing President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to potentially remain in power until 2030. The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374676993,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-13T13:13:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum","wikidata_qid":"Q63197808","wikidata_classes":["constitutional referendum","referendum"],"date_flags":["date_source_adjusted: Wikidata P585 2019-04-22 equals the item's end time (P582); used P580 start time 2019-04-20"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"sexual-and-gender-based-violence-in-the-october-7-attacks":{"extract":"During the October 7 attacks, Israeli women, girls and men were subjected to sexual violence, including rape and sexual assault, by Hamas or other Gazan militants. The militants involved in the attack are accused of having committed acts of gender-based violence, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Hamas has denied that its fighters engaged in sexual violence and has called for an impartial international investigation into the accusations.\n\nThe extent of sexual violence perpetrated by militants, and whether it was planned and weaponised by the attackers, has been the subject of intense debate and controversy. Initially said to be \"dozens\" by Israeli authorities, they later clarified they could not provide a number.\n\nIn January 2024, it was reported that several victims of sexual violence from 7 October and captivity in Gaza had come forward. A number of initial testimonies of sexual violence were later discredited, while Israel has accused international human rights groups of downplaying assault reports. As of January 2025, the former head of the security cases division in Israel's Southern District prosecutor's office said that no case was being filed due to a lack of evidence and complainants, which she said could be due to victims being dead or unwilling to come forward.\n\nThe UN's Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, reported in March 2024, with the \"full cooperation\" of the Israeli government, that there was \"clear and convincing information\" that Israeli hostages in Gaza had experienced sexual violence, and that there was \"reasonable grounds to believe that conflict-related sexual violence occurred during the 7 October attacks\". The report was not a full investigation, but designed to \"collect and verify allegations\", and the team stated that their conclusions fell below the legal threshold of being \"beyond a reasonable doubt\". In June 2024, the UN Commission of Inquiry (CoI) published a legally mandated report that stated there was \"a pattern indicative of sexual violence by Palestinian forces during the attack\", but that it was unable to independently verify allegations of rape due to Israel's obstruction of its investigation. It also found some of the allegations to be false and found \"no credible evidence\" that Palestinian militants had received direct orders to commit sexual violence.\n\nOn 12 April 2024, the European Union sanctioned military and special forces wings of Hamas and the armed wing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad due to their responsibility for the alleged sexual violence on 7 October. The EU said the two groups' fighters \"committed widespread sexual and gender-based violence in a systematic manner, using it as a weapon of war.\" On 23 April 2024, the annual UN Secretary-General's report called on the Israeli government to allow access to \"relevant UN bodies to carry out a fully-fledged investigation into all alleged violations\". In July 2025, Hamas was added to the UN's sexual violence blacklist.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379033655,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T14:20:19Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_October_7_attacks","wikidata_qid":"Q123615519","wikidata_classes":["war crime","sexual violence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Apart from the opening sentence, which states the sexual violence as fact, hedged throughout and ordered toward doubt, though it includes the UN findings of \"clear and convincing information\" and \"a pattern indicative of sexual violence\", the EU sanctions and the UN blacklisting of Hamas.","highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122976243","label":"October 7 attacks","id":"october-7-attacks"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"ein-hashlosha-massacre","title":"Ein HaShlosha massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"holit-attack","title":"Holit attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kfar-aza-massacre","title":"Kfar Aza massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"gaza-genocide","title":"Gaza genocide","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kidnapping-and-killing-of-the-bibas-family","title":"Kidnapping and murder of the Bibas family","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran":{"extract":"The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia or the Allied invasion of Iran, was the joint invasion of the officially neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941. The two powers announced that they would stay until six months after the end of the war with their mutual enemy, Nazi Germany (World War II), which turned out to be 2 March 1946. On that date the British began to withdraw, while the Soviet Union delayed until May, initially citing \"threats to Soviet security\", followed by the Iran crisis of 1946.\n\nThe invasion, code named Operation Countenance, was largely unopposed by the numerically and technologically outmatched Iranian forces. The multi-pronged coordinated invasion took place along Iran's borders with the Kingdom of Iraq, Azerbaijan SSR, and Turkmen SSR, with fighting beginning on 25 August and ending on 31 August when the Iranian government, under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi, formally agreed to surrender, having already agreed to a ceasefire on 30 August.\n\nThe invasion took place two months after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union's subsequent alliance with the United Kingdom. The attack also took place less than two months after Allied victories over pro-Axis forces in neighboring Iraq, French Syria and Lebanon. The invasion's strategic purpose was to ensure the safety of Allied supply lines to the USSR (see the Persian Corridor), secure Iranian oil fields, limit German influence in Iran (due to the presence of Germans in Iran, mainly for industrial purpose) and preempt a possible Axis advance from Turkey through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or British India. Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah was forced to abdicate and went into exile, being replaced by his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Iran would remain under British and Soviet occupation until 1946.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1378128246,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T02:38:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran","wikidata_qid":"Q541369","wikidata_classes":["invasion","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q696817","label":"Mediterranean and Middle East Theater of World War II","id":"mediterranean-and-middle-east-theatre-of-world-war-ii"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"syria-lebanon-campaign","title":"Syria–Lebanon campaign","date_start":"1941-06-08"},{"id":"anglo-iraqi-war","title":"Anglo-Iraqi War","date_start":"1941-05-02"},{"id":"raid-on-alexandria-1941","title":"Raid on Alexandria (1941)","date_start":"1941-12-19"},{"id":"bombing-of-bahrain-in-world-war-ii","title":"Bombing of Bahrain in World War II","date_start":"1940-10-19"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-palmyra-1941","title":"Battle of Palmyra (1941)","date_start":"1941-07-01"},{"id":"operation-crusader","title":"Operation Crusader","date_start":"1941-11-18"},{"id":"operation-skorpion","title":"Operation Skorpion","date_start":"1941-05-27"},{"id":"operation-brevity","title":"Operation Brevity","date_start":"1941-05-16"}]}},"gaza-israel-conflict":{"extract":"The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when about 200,000 of the more than 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes settled in the Gaza Strip as refugees. Since then, Israel and Palestinian militant groups have fought 15 wars in the Gaza Strip. The number of Palestinians killed in the Gaza war (ongoing since 2023) (73,000+) is higher than the combined death toll of all other wars in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.\n\nIsrael fought three wars in the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip: the 1948 Palestine war, the Suez Crisis during which Israel first occupied Gaza for a period of four months, and the Six-Day War in 1967 during which Israel captured Gaza from Egypt. During the first Israeli occupation, 1% of the Gaza Strip's population was killed, tortured, or imprisoned by Israel. Following two periods of low-level Palestinian insurgency, a major uprising against Israeli rule erupted in 1987, starting a period of unrest known as the First Intifada. The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of relative calm which was nevertheless disrupted by various events, including Israeli settler violence, suicide attacks by Palestinian militant groups, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, and the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.\n\nIn 2000, the Second Intifada began. In 2005, towards the end of the Second Intifada, Israel disengaged from Gaza. Shortly thereafter, Hamas won the 2006 election in Gaza and seized control of the Strip in 2007. That same year, Israel imposed a land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip, turning it into an \"open-air prison\". The blockade was widely condemned as a form of collective punishment, while Israel defended it as necessary to stop Palestinian rocket attacks. Hamas considered it a declaration of war.\n\nThe 2008–2009 Israeli invasion of Gaza resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and widespread destruction of homes, schools and hospitals. A 2012 Israeli operation also killed more than 100 people. In 2014, Israel invaded Gaza in a major war that resulted in the deaths of 73 Israelis (mostly soldiers) and 2,251 Palestinians (mostly civilians). The invasion resulted in \"unprecedented\" destruction, damaging 25% of homes in Gaza City and 70% of homes in Beit Hanoun. After 2014, notable events in the conflict included the \"Great March of Return\" (2018–2019) and clashes in November 2018, May 2019 and November 2019. The 2021 crisis saw 256 Palestinians and 15 Israelis killed.\n\nOn 7 October 2023, Palestinian militants attacked Israel, killing 1,195 people (mostly civilians), committing war crimes, taking hostages, and beginning the Gaza war. Israel responded by invading and bombing the Gaza Strip, killing more than 73,000 Gazans as of September 2026 and causing a humanitarian crisis and famine. Many scholarly sources and international organizations have concluded that Israel's actions in Gaza constitute genocide.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380030133,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-13T10:41:01Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict","wikidata_qid":"Q553184","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States in its own voice that the blockade turned Gaza into an \"open-air prison\" and that 1% of Gaza's population was \"killed, tortured, or imprisoned\" during the first occupation; Palestinian rocket fire appears only as Israel's justification for the blockade. The genocide finding and the October 7 attack are attributed and reported.","highlights":["turning it into an \"open-air prison\"","1% of the Gaza Strip's population was killed, tortured, or imprisoned by Israel"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"turning it into an \"open-air prison\"","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"1% of the Gaza Strip's population was killed, tortured, or imprisoned by Israel","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q151622","label":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict"}],"includes":[{"id":"operation-hot-winter","title":"Operation Hot Winter","date_start":"2008-03-03"},{"id":"gaza-war-2008-09","title":"Gaza War (2008–2009)","date_start":"2008-12-27"},{"id":"2011-southern-israel-cross-border-attacks","title":"2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks","date_start":"2011-08-18"},{"id":"march-2012-gaza-israel-clashes","title":"March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes","date_start":"2012-01-01"},{"id":"2012-gaza-war","title":"2012 Gaza War","date_start":"2012-11-14"},{"id":"2014-gaza-war","title":"2014 Gaza War","date_start":"2014-01-01"},{"id":"2018-2019-gaza-border-protests","title":"2018–2019 Gaza border protests","date_start":"2018-03-30"},{"id":"operation-guardian-of-the-walls","title":"Operation Guardian of the Walls","date_start":"2021-05-01"},{"id":"2022-gaza-israel-clashes","title":"2022 Gaza–Israel clashes","date_start":"2022-08-01"},{"id":"may-2023-gaza-israel-clashes","title":"May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes","date_start":"2023-05-01"},{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"october-7-attacks","title":"October 7 attacks","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon","title":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","date_start":"1968-01-01"},{"id":"1978-south-lebanon-conflict","title":"1978 South Lebanon conflict","date_start":"1978-01-01"},{"id":"first-intifada","title":"First Intifada","date_start":"1987-12-08"},{"id":"cave-of-the-patriarchs-massacre","title":"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre","date_start":"1994-02-25"},{"id":"second-intifada","title":"Second Intifada","date_start":"2000-09-28"}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-israeli-conflict","title":"Arab–Israeli conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"israeli-declaration-of-independence","title":"Israeli Declaration of Independence","date_start":"1948-05-14"},{"id":"kfar-etzion-massacre","title":"Kfar Etzion massacre","date_start":"1948-05-13"},{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"},{"id":"operation-pleshet","title":"Operation Pleshet","date_start":"1948-05-29"}]}},"2019-2020-iranian-protests":{"extract":"The 2019–2020 Iranian protests, sometimes known by the protesters as Bloody November or (using the Iranian calendar) Bloody Aban (Persian: آبان خونین), were a series of nationwide civil protests in Iran that took place in 2019 and 2020. Initially caused by a 50–200% increase in fuel prices, they occurred as part of the wider Iranian Democracy Movement, leading to calls for the overthrow of the government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.\n\nThe protests commenced as peaceful gatherings on the evening of 15 November but spread to 21 cities within hours, as videos of the protest circulated online,\n\neventually becoming the most violent and severe anti-government unrest since the Iranian Revolution in 1979.\n\nTo block the sharing of information regarding the protests and the deaths of hundreds of protesters on social media platforms, the government shut down the Internet nationwide, resulting in a near-total internet blackout of around six days.\n\nIn an effort to crush the protests, the Iranian government (according to Amnesty International) shot protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire.\n\nIn an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests, it hauled away large numbers of bodies of the dead protesters, and threatened families of slain protesters not to speak to the media or hold funerals.\n\nAs many as 2,000 Iranian protesters were killed. The government crackdown and protests resulted in the destruction of 731 government banks including Iran's central bank, nine Islamic religious centres, protesters tearing down anti-American billboards, and posters and statues of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as well as former leader Ruhollah Khomeini. Fifty government military bases were also attacked by protesters. The Iranian regime also employed a week long nationwide internet shutdown becoming the longest total Internet shutdown in a large country. It was also the first blackout that effectively isolated a whole nation.\n\nThe uprising, as well as the wider Iranian Democracy Movement in general, differed from earlier protests in 2009 in not being limited to students and large cities, and in the speed, severity and higher death toll of the government crackdown, which crushed the uprising in three days, although protests flared up periodically in the months after.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1361025395,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-25T04:08:34Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q75161062","wikidata_classes":["demonstration"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Gives \"as many as 2,000\" protesters killed as fact, the top of the range (Amnesty International documented about 300 deaths, Reuters reported about 1,500), and states the government's motives (\"to mask the scale\") in its own voice. The authorities' account of the unrest is absent.","highlights":["As many as 2,000 Iranian protesters were killed","In an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"As many as 2,000 Iranian protesters were killed","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"In an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"mahshahr-massacre","title":"Mahshahr massacre","date_start":"2019-11-16"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"17-october-revolution","title":"17 October Revolution","date_start":"2019-10-17"},{"id":"northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020","title":"Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)","date_start":"2019-12-19"},{"id":"2019-2021-iraqi-protests","title":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","date_start":"2019-10-01"},{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31"},{"id":"assassination-of-qasem-soleimani","title":"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-03"}]}},"2021-qatari-general-election":{"extract":"Elections for the Shura Council (sometimes called the Consultative Assembly) were held in Qatar for the first time on 2 October 2021, allowing the public to vote for 30 out of the 45 seats, with the remaining 15 still appointed by the emir.\n\nThe Council has the authority to approve \"general state policies and the budget\", but \"has no say in the setting of defence, security, economic and investment policy\". The emir also maintained the final say upon any disagreement between himself and the Council.\n\nPolitical parties are outlawed, and all candidates ran as independents. The election could not effect a change of government, which is appointed by the emir.\n\nThe elections, originally outlined in the 2003 constitution, had previously been scheduled for 2013, before being postponed in June of that year until at least 2016, at which point they were postponed again until at least 2019. Finally, in November 2020, Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani pledged to hold the election in October 2021.\n\nIn a 2024 referendum, future elections were abolished and struck from the constitution, making this the only legislative election in Qatar's history.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1369041282,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-12T14:34:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election","wikidata_qid":"Q7267158","wikidata_classes":["legislative election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2021-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2021 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2021-10-10"},{"id":"2021-beirut-clashes","title":"2021 Beirut clashes","date_start":"2021-10-14"},{"id":"2021-2022-iraqi-political-crisis","title":"2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis","date_start":"2021-11-05"},{"id":"2021-afghanistan-iran-clashes","title":"2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes","date_start":"2021-12-01"},{"id":"2021-2022-iranian-protests","title":"2021–2022 Iranian protests","date_start":"2021-07-15"}]}},"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes":{"extract":"On 25 August 2025, an Israel Defense Forces double tap strike hit the Nasser Hospital in Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip, killing 22 people, including 5 journalists. Among the journalists killed were the following: Hussam al-Masri, a Reuters cameraman; Mariam Dagga, a freelance journalist for Associated Press; Mohammed Salama, an Al Jazeera cameraman; Moaz Abu Taha, a freelance photographer who also was working with Reuters, and Ahmed Abu Aziz, a correspondent for Middle East Eye and Quds News Network.\n\nThe attack also claimed the lives of medical staff, a paramedic, and other civilians, with approximately 50 others wounded, including Reuters photographer Hatem Khaled who later died. The attacks targeted the hospital's fourth floor, resulting in casualties and damage. The strikes have drawn international condemnation and have been widely covered regarding the protection of medical facilities and journalists during the Gaza war.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1354591876,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-05-17T08:18:06Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Nasser_Hospital_strikes","wikidata_qid":"Q135975317","wikidata_classes":["bombardment","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Calls the attack a \"double tap strike\" as fact and gives no Israeli account of it (the IDF said it was targeting a camera it believed Hamas was using); only the condemnation is reported.","highlights":["double tap strike"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"double tap strike","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q126370952","label":"Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war"},{"qid":"Q124618378","label":"bombing of the Gaza Strip"},{"qid":"Q123431983","label":"killing of journalists in the Gaza war"},{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"},{"qid":"Q124086054","label":"Gaza genocide","id":"gaza-genocide"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"israeli-attack-on-doha","title":"Israeli attack on Doha","date_start":"2025-09-09"},{"id":"may-2025-gaza-offensive","title":"May 2025 Gaza offensive","date_start":"2025-05-17"},{"id":"rafah-paramedic-massacre","title":"Rafah paramedic massacre","date_start":"2025-03-23"},{"id":"march-2025-israeli-attacks-on-the-gaza-strip","title":"March 2025 Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip","date_start":"2025-03-18"},{"id":"march-may-2025-united-states-attacks-in-yemen","title":"March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen","date_start":"2025-03-15"}],"nearby":[{"id":"khan-yunis-massacre","title":"Khan Yunis massacre","date_start":"1956-11-03","km":1,"bearing":115},{"id":"tel-al-sultan-attack","title":"Tel al-Sultan attack","date_start":"2024-05-26","km":5.1,"bearing":231},{"id":"killing-of-yahya-sinwar","title":"Killing of Yahya Sinwar","date_start":"2024-10-16","km":6.5,"bearing":223},{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-rafah","title":"2004 Israeli operation in Rafah","date_start":"2004-05-12","km":7.9,"bearing":217},{"id":"world-central-kitchen-aid-convoy-attack","title":"World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack","date_start":"2024-04-01","km":8.4,"bearing":24}],"same_time":[{"id":"august-2025-israeli-attack-on-sanaa","title":"August 2025 Israeli attack on Sanaa","date_start":"2025-08-28"},{"id":"2025-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-10-05"},{"id":"southern-syria-clashes-july-september-2025","title":"Southern Syria clashes (July–September 2025)","date_start":"2025-07-13"},{"id":"gaza-peace-summit","title":"Gaza peace summit","date_start":"2025-10-13"},{"id":"2025-iranian-strikes-on-al-udeid-air-base","title":"2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base","date_start":"2025-06-23"}]}}}