{"battle-of-jerusalem-1917":{"extract":"The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's \"Jerusalem Operations\" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Before Jerusalem could be secured, two battles were recognised by the British as being fought in the Hebron Hills to the north and east of the Hebron–Junction Station line. These were the Battle of Nebi Samwill from 17 to 24 November and the Defence of Jerusalem from 26 to 30 December 1917. They also recognised within these Jerusalem Operations, the successful second attempt on 21 and 22 December 1917 to advance across the Nahr el Auja, as the Battle of Jaffa, although Jaffa had been occupied as a consequence of the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 16 November.\n\nThis series of battles was successfully fought by the British Empire's XX Corps, XXI Corps, and the Desert Mounted Corps against strong opposition from the Yildirim Army Group's Seventh Army in Hebron Hills and the Eighth Army north of Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast. The loss of Jaffa and Jerusalem, together with the loss of 50 mi (80 km) of territory during the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) advance from Gaza, after the capture of Beersheba, Gaza, Hareira and Sheria, Tel el Khuweilfe and the Battle of Mughar Ridge, constituted a grave setback for the Ottoman Army and the Ottoman Empire.\n\nAs a result of these victories, the British Empire forces captured Jerusalem and established a new strategically strong fortified line. This line ran from well to the north of Jaffa on the maritime plain, across the Hebron Hills to Bireh north of Jerusalem, and continued eastwards of the Mount of Olives. With the capture of the road from Be'e Elsabe' (Beersheba) to Jerusalem via Hebron and Bethlehem, together with substantial Ottoman territory south of Jerusalem, the city was secured. On 11 December, General Edmund Allenby entered the Old City on foot through the Jaffa Gate instead of horse or vehicles to show respect for the holy city. He was the first Christian in many centuries to control Jerusalem, a city held holy by three great religions. The prime minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George, described the capture as \"a Christmas present for the British people\". The battle was a great morale boost for the British Empire.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370444210,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-21T03:58:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem","wikidata_qid":"Q1378270","wikidata_classes":["battle","military operation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Ends on the capture as \"a great morale boost for the British Empire\" and a \"Christmas present for the British people\"; the city's residents and the Ottoman side are absent.","highlights":["a great morale boost for the British Empire","Christmas present for the British people"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"a great morale boost for the British Empire","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"Christmas present for the British people","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-rafa","title":"Battle of Rafa","date_start":"1917-01-09"},{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"},{"id":"occupation-of-constantinople","title":"Occupation of Constantinople","date_start":"1918-11-13"},{"id":"battle-of-erzincan-1916","title":"Battle of Erzincan (1916)","date_start":"1916-07-02"},{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"}],"nearby":[{"id":"king-david-hotel-bombing","title":"King David Hotel bombing","date_start":"1946-07-22","km":0.5,"bearing":245},{"id":"1920-nebi-musa-riots","title":"1920 Nebi Musa riots","date_start":"1920-04-04","km":0.6,"bearing":87},{"id":"1929-palestine-riots","title":"1929 Palestine riots","date_start":"1929-08-23","km":0.6,"bearing":87},{"id":"2022-al-aqsa-clashes","title":"2022 Al-Aqsa clashes","date_start":"2022-04-15","km":0.8,"bearing":92},{"id":"2023-israel-palestine-tensions","title":"2023 Israel–Palestine tensions","date_start":"2023-04-05","km":0.8,"bearing":77}],"same_time":[{"id":"balfour-declaration","title":"Balfour Declaration","date_start":"1917-11-02"},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01"},{"id":"battle-of-beersheba-1917","title":"Battle of Beersheba (1917)","date_start":"1917-10-31"},{"id":"armistice-of-erzincan","title":"Armistice of Erzincan","date_start":"1917-12-18"},{"id":"battle-of-imbros","title":"Battle of Imbros","date_start":"1918-01-20"}]}},"battle-of-wadi-1916":{"extract":"The Battle of Wadi, occurring on 13 January 1916, was an unsuccessful attempt by British forces fighting in Ottoman Iraq during World War I to relieve beleaguered forces under Sir Charles Townshend then under siege by the Ottoman Sixth Army at Kut-al-Amara.\n\nPushed by regional British Commander-in-Chief Sir John Nixon, General Fenton Aylmer launched an attack against Ottoman defensive positions on the banks of the Wadi River. The Wadi was a steep valley of a stream that ran from the north into the River Tigris, some 6 miles (9.7 km) upstream towards Kut-al-Amara from Sheikh Sa'ad. The attack is generally considered as a failure, as although Aylmer managed to capture the Wadi, it cost him 1,600 men. The British failure led to Townshend's surrender, along with 10,000 of his men, in the largest single surrender of British troops up to that time. However, the British recaptured Kut in February 1917, on their way to the capture of Baghdad sixteen days later on 11 March 1917.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370592884,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T00:51:43Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)","wikidata_qid":"Q1430929","wikidata_classes":["siege","battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q18937","label":"Mesopotamian campaign","id":"mesopotamian-campaign"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"siege-of-kut","title":"Siege of Kut","date_start":"1915-12-07"},{"id":"battle-of-ctesiphon-1915","title":"Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)","date_start":"1915-11-22"},{"id":"battles-of-ramadi-1917","title":"Battles of Ramadi (1917)","date_start":"1917-01-01"},{"id":"battle-of-qurna","title":"Battle of Qurna","date_start":"1914-12-03"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-1914","title":"Battle of Basra (1914)","date_start":"1914-11-11"}],"same_time":[{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"},{"id":"treaty-of-darin","title":"Treaty of Darin","date_start":"1915-12-26"},{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"},{"id":"urfa-resistance","title":"Urfa resistance","date_start":"1915-09-29"},{"id":"sykes-picot-agreement","title":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","date_start":"1916-05-16"}]}},"assassination-of-ali-larijani":{"extract":"On 17 March 2026, Ali Larijani, the secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, was assassinated in Tehran as part of a series of Israeli airstrikes aimed at high-ranking Iranian officials. His death occurred as part of the 2026 Iran war, which began on 28 February with airstrikes on various Iranian targets by the United States and Israel. Larijani was the top target and most senior official to be killed after the assassination of Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374904798,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-14T19:27:47Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali_Larijani","wikidata_qid":"Q138715235","wikidata_classes":["assassination","airstrike"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"assassination-of-ali-khamenei","title":"Assassination of Ali Khamenei","date_start":"2026-02-28","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"tehran-conference","title":"Tehran Conference","date_start":"1943-11-28","km":1.6,"bearing":62},{"id":"2011-british-embassy-in-iran-attack","title":"2011 British Embassy in Iran attack","date_start":"2011-11-29","km":1.9,"bearing":75},{"id":"2017-tehran-attacks","title":"2017 Tehran attacks","date_start":"2017-06-07","km":2.3,"bearing":78},{"id":"iran-hostage-crisis","title":"Iran hostage crisis","date_start":"1979-11-04","km":2.9,"bearing":52}],"same_time":[{"id":"2026-iranian-supreme-leader-election","title":"2026 Iranian supreme leader election","date_start":"2026-03-08"},{"id":"sinking-of-iris-dena","title":"Sinking of IRIS Dena","date_start":"2026-03-04"},{"id":"2026-lebanon-war","title":"2026 Lebanon war","date_start":"2026-03-02"},{"id":"2026-minab-school-attack","title":"2026 Minab school attack","date_start":"2026-02-28"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-in-the-2026-iran-war","title":"United Arab Emirates in the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-02-28"}]}},"constitutionalization-attempts-in-iran":{"extract":"The Iranian Constitutional Revolution was a short-lived push for democratic rule in the form of a constitutional monarchy within a highly elitist yet decentralized society under the Qajars. The mounting disgust amidst the clergy, bazaaris, farmers, intellectuals, and other segments of the populace with respect to the Shah, policies during the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century illustrates a classic example of an environment ripe for protest, as a wide array of people in society felt an increasing need to express their grievances with an oppressive and largely autocratic government.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1354003965,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-05-13T18:15:49Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalization_attempts_in_Iran","wikidata_qid":"Q1368440","wikidata_classes":["revolution"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Describes the Shah's government as \"oppressive\" and the period as \"a classic example of an environment ripe for protest\" as fact, without saying who holds that view.","highlights":["oppressive","a classic example of an environment ripe for protest"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"oppressive","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"a classic example of an environment ripe for protest","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"iraqi-kurdish-conflict":{"extract":"The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the Kurds and the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by Mahmud Barzanji to establish an independent Kingdom of Kurdistan, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis.\n\nSince the US-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent adoption of federalism in 2005 and the recognition of the Kurdistan Region (KRI) as a federal region in the new Iraqi constitution, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have decreased. In spite of that, however, the major issue that continues to cause disputes is the implementation of Article 140 of the Constitution of Iraq. In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI, Masrour Barzani sent a letter to the President of the United States expressing concerns about a possible collapse of Kurdistan Region, and calling for the United States to intervene. In March 2024, after several court rulings issued against Kurdistan Region by the Supreme Court of Iraq, Kurdish authorities in Iraq expressed dissatisfaction at what they described as an evident shift of the political system in Iraq back towards centralism.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380686847,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-17T07:11:00Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict","wikidata_qid":"Q6068230","wikidata_classes":["rebellion"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 1918 (1918-01-01) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [1961, 2005, 2023, 2024]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"1991-iraqi-uprisings","title":"1991 Iraqi uprisings","date_start":"1991-01-01"},{"id":"iraqi-kurdish-civil-war","title":"Iraqi Kurdish Civil War","date_start":"1994-05-01"}]},"1948-palestinian-expulsion-and-flight":{"extract":"During the 1948 Palestine war, more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of Mandatory Palestine's predominantly Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes. Expulsions and attacks against Palestinians were carried out by the Zionist paramilitaries Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, which merged to become the Israel Defense Forces after the establishment of Israel part way through the war. The expulsion and flight was a central component of the fracturing, dispossession, and displacement of Palestinian society, known as the Nakba.\n\nDozens of massacres targeting Arabs were conducted by Israeli military forces and between 400 and 600 Palestinian villages were destroyed. The Israeli military operated labor camps for captured Palestinians, most of whom were civilians. Village wells were poisoned in a biological warfare programme, properties were looted to prevent Palestinian refugees from returning, and some sites were renamed.\n\nThe precise number of Palestinian refugees, many of whom settled in Palestinian refugee camps in neighboring states, is a matter of dispute, although the number is around 700,000, being approximately 80 percent of the Arab inhabitants of what became Israel. About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, before the termination of the British Mandate on 14 May 1948. The desire to prevent the collapse of the Palestinians and to avoid more refugees are cited as one of the reasons for the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.\n\nAlthough the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus remain a significantly controversial topic in public and political discourse, with a prominent amount of denialism regarding the responsibility of Israeli/Yishuv forces, most scholarship today agrees that expulsions and violence, and the fear thereof, were the primary causes. Scholars widely describe the event as ethnic cleansing, although some disagree. Factors involved in the exodus include direct expulsions by Israeli forces; destruction of Arab villages; psychological warfare including terrorism; massacres such as the widely publicized Deir Yassin massacre, which caused many to flee out of fear; crop burning; typhoid epidemics in some areas caused by Israeli well-poisoning; and the collapse of Palestinian leadership including the demoralizing impact of wealthier classes fleeing.Later, a series of land and property laws passed by the first Israeli government prevented Arabs who had left from returning to their homes or claiming their property. They and many of their descendants remain refugees. The existence of the Israeli Law of Return allowing for immigration and naturalization of any Jewish person and their family to Israel, while a Palestinian right of return has been denied, has been cited as evidence for the charge that Israel practices apartheid. The status of the refugees, particularly whether Israel will allow them to return to their homes, or compensate them, are key issues in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375139853,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-16T02:03:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight","wikidata_qid":"Q13220089","wikidata_classes":["mass migration","exodus","ethnic cleansing","population transfer"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States contested specifics as fact, such as a \"biological warfare programme\" of well-poisoning and typhoid \"caused by Israeli well-poisoning\". Its central point, that expulsions and fear were the main causes of flight, matches majority scholarship, and it notes that some disagree.","highlights":["biological warfare programme","caused by Israeli well-poisoning"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"a prominent amount of denialism","note":"Describes the Israeli account of the causes as \"denialism\" in Wikipedia's own voice. The ethnic-cleansing description, the scholarly view and the apartheid charge are attributed."},{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"psychological warfare including terrorism","note":"Uses \"terrorism\" for tactics of Israeli forces in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["a prominent amount of denialism","psychological warfare including terrorism"]},"highlights":[{"text":"biological warfare programme","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"caused by Israeli well-poisoning","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"a prominent amount of denialism","kind":"wording"},{"text":"psychological warfare including terrorism","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q3266633","label":"Nakba","id":"nakba"},{"qid":"Q49097","label":"1948 Palestine war","id":"1948-palestine-war"}],"includes":[{"id":"palestinian-expulsion-from-lydda-and-ramle","title":"Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle","date_start":"1948-07-01"},{"id":"al-dawayima-massacre","title":"Al-Dawayima massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"safsaf-massacre","title":"Safsaf massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-for-jerusalem","title":"Battle for Jerusalem","date_start":"1947-12-01"},{"id":"1948-arab-israeli-war","title":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"}]}},"haft-e-tir-bombing":{"extract":"On 28 June 1981 (7 Tir 1360 in the Iranian calendar; Persian: هفت تیر, romanized: Haft-e Tir), a powerful bomb went off at the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party (IRP) in Tehran, while a meeting of party leaders was in progress. Seventy-four leading officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran were killed, including Chief Justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, who was the second most powerful figure in the Iranian Revolution (after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini).\n\nThe Iranian government first blamed SAVAK and the Iraqi regime. Two days later, on 30 June, the People's Mujahedin of Iran was accused by Khomeini of being behind the attack. The Iranian government also put blame on the United States for the bombing.\n\nA few years afterward, a tribunal in Kermanshah sentenced four alleged \"Iraqi agents\" to death for their supposed role in the incident. Separately, a Tehran tribunal executed Mehdi Tafari on the same charges. By 1985, however, the head of military intelligence publicly claimed that the operation had in fact been carried out by royalist army officers.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1366803722,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-30T09:42:21Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haft-e_Tir_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q5638475","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"DOUBT","guideline_name":"Expressions of doubt","shortcut":"MOS:DOUBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Expressions_of_doubt","phrase":"supposed role in the incident","note":"\"Alleged\", scare quotes and \"supposed\" cast doubt on the Iranian tribunal's verdict in Wikipedia's own voice."}],"highlights":["supposed role in the incident"]},"highlights":[{"text":"supposed role in the incident","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q131438027","label":"1981–1982 Iran Massacres"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"1981-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1981 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1981-06-30"},{"id":"operation-opera","title":"Operation Opera","date_start":"1981-06-07"},{"id":"july-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"July 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-07-24"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"},{"id":"october-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"October 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-10-02"}]}},"battle-of-sderot":{"extract":"The battle of Sderot (Hebrew: קרב שדרות; Arabic: معركة سديروت) began on 7 October 2023, when Hamas launched a large-scale surprise attack on southern Israel, which was widely condemned as an act of terrorism. The Israeli city of Sderot (Hebrew: שְׂדֵרוֹת; Arabic: سديروت), located close to the border between Israel and the Gaza Strip, has frequently been the target of rocket attacks and incursions during the course of the Gaza–Israel conflict. Hamas militants killed numerous civilians and police officers.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370588876,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T00:25:02Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sderot","wikidata_qid":"Q122972407","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"gaza-genocide","title":"Gaza genocide","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"october-7-attacks","title":"October 7 attacks","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"zikim-attack","title":"Zikim attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"same_time":[{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"ein-hashlosha-massacre","title":"Ein HaShlosha massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"holit-attack","title":"Holit attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kfar-aza-massacre","title":"Kfar Aza massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"1947-anti-jewish-riots-in-aden":{"extract":"The Aden riots of December 2–4, 1947 targeted the Jewish community in the British Colony of Aden. During the civil war phase of the 1948 Palestine war, the riots broke out from a planned three-day Arab general strike in protest of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), which created a partition plan for Mandatory Palestine. The riots resulted in the deaths of 82 Jews, as well as wide-scale devastation of the local Jewish community of Aden, including the complete looting of 60% of Jewish-owned businesses and the destruction of a synagogue and the two Jewish schools. There were also 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians, and one Somali killed during the riots. The Aden Protectorate Levies, a military force of local Arab-Muslim recruits dispatched by the British governor Reginald Champion to quell the riots, were responsible for much of the killing.\n\nThe greatly diminished Jewish sense of security resulting from the riots and the economic devastation to their businesses and properties that resulted led to the rapid decline of the Jewish community and mass departure to Israel of a majority of its members in the subsequent three years and the complete demise of Adeni Jewry by 1967.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1367708837,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-04T18:19:20Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden","wikidata_qid":"Q1270130","wikidata_classes":["pogrom","mass murder","riot","protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"1948-palestine-war","title":"1948 Palestine war","date_start":"1947-11-30"},{"id":"united-nations-partition-plan-for-palestine","title":"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine","date_start":"1947-11-29"},{"id":"haifa-oil-refinery-massacre","title":"Haifa Oil Refinery massacre","date_start":"1947-12-30"},{"id":"balad-al-shaykh-massacre","title":"Balad al-Shaykh massacre","date_start":"1947-12-31"},{"id":"semiramis-hotel-bombing","title":"Semiramis Hotel bombing","date_start":"1948-01-05"}]}},"syrian-civil-war-spillover-in-lebanon":{"extract":"Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian civil war spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and supporters of the Ba'athist Syrian regime traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil. The Syrian conflict stoked a resurgence of sectarian violence in Lebanon, with many of Lebanon's Sunni Muslims and Lebanon's Christians supporting the rebels in Syria, while many of Lebanon's Shi'a Muslims supporting the Ba'athist government of Bashar al-Assad, whose Alawite minority is usually described as a heterodox offshoot of Shi'ism. Killings, unrest and sectarian kidnappings across Lebanon resulted.\n\nThe conflict arose in mid-2011, when seven people were killed and 59 wounded in a fight between gunmen in Tripoli. In May 2012, the conflict spread to Beirut, and later to south and east Lebanon, while the Lebanese Armed Forces deployed in north Lebanon and Beirut. As of January 2016, there had been more than 800 fatalities and almost 3,000 injuries. Among Lebanon's political blocs, the Saudi-backed anti-Syrian March 14 Alliance supports the Syrian opposition, and the Iranian-backed pro-Syrian March 8 Alliance supports the Assad government. On 28 August 2017, the last remaining fighters of IS and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham withdrew from Lebanon.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380760961,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-17T18:26:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon","wikidata_qid":"Q130714","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict","war spillover"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"2015-beirut-bombings","title":"2015 Beirut bombings","date_start":"2015-11-12"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"damour-massacre","title":"Damour massacre","date_start":"1976-01-20","km":20.4,"bearing":20},{"id":"1983-beirut-barracks-bombings","title":"1983 Beirut barracks bombings","date_start":"1983-10-23","km":31.8,"bearing":20},{"id":"2024-hezbollah-headquarters-strike","title":"2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike","date_start":"2024-09-27","km":34.4,"bearing":20},{"id":"assassination-of-saleh-al-arouri","title":"Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri","date_start":"2024-01-02","km":35.4,"bearing":21},{"id":"sabra-and-shatila-massacre","title":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","date_start":"1982-09-16","km":35.5,"bearing":19}],"same_time":[{"id":"2011-turkish-general-election","title":"2011 Turkish general election","date_start":"2011-06-12"},{"id":"june-2011-jisr-ash-shughur-clashes","title":"June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes","date_start":"2011-06-04"},{"id":"siege-of-talkalakh-may-2011","title":"Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)","date_start":"2011-05-14"},{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11"},{"id":"siege-of-homs","title":"Siege of Homs","date_start":"2011-05-06"}]}},"2021-2022-iranian-protests":{"extract":"Protests erupted in Iran on 15 July 2021 over water shortages, but were quickly met with police violence and brutality. November 2021 saw further protests due to water shortages; various other protests and strikes also took place due to the worsening economic situation. In August 2021, Amnesty International noted that brutal forces have been used by the Security Forces to oppress the protesters.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1361026509,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-25T04:19:49Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q107573559","wikidata_classes":["protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States \"police violence and brutality\" as fact in its own voice; the government's account of the protests and its response is absent.","highlights":["quickly met with police violence and brutality"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"quickly met with police violence and brutality","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2021-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2021 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2021-06-18"},{"id":"2021-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2021 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2021-05-26"},{"id":"2021-israel-palestine-crisis","title":"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis","date_start":"2021-05-06"},{"id":"2021-qatari-general-election","title":"2021 Qatari general election","date_start":"2021-10-02"},{"id":"2021-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2021 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2021-10-10"}]}},"sinking-of-iris-dena":{"extract":"During the 2026 Iran war, the Iranian Navy frigate IRIS Dena was torpedoed and sunk by the United States Navy's Los Angeles-class submarine USS Charlotte in the Indian Ocean. A week prior to the attack Dena concluded it's participation in the International Fleet Review 2026, a naval exercise hosted by India, and was returning to home when it was attacked and sunk in international waters approximately 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) off the coast of Sri Lanka. On 4 March, Charlotte fired two Mark 48 torpedoes at Dena, which struck the frigate and caused its sinking. According to some reports, the vessel, owing to its participation in the international exercise, was not carrying operational armaments at the time. Also, the vessel's Bell 212 helicopter was not present during the incident. At the time of the attack Dena had a crew of 136 personnel; 104 were reported killed and 32 survived. It was further reported that the remains of 20 of the deceased were not recovered.\n\nThe sinking occurred amid heightened hostilities involving 2026 Iran war. It has been described as the only instance since the Pacific War of World War II in which a United States Navy submarine sank a surface vessel using torpedoes, and the first ever known torpedo kill on an enemy vessel by an American nuclear submarine. More broadly, it was the first sinking of an enemy surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine since the sinking of ARA General Belgrano by the Royal Navy submarine HMS Conqueror during the Falklands War.\n\nThe attack is the subject of controversy and claims that it constituted a war crime related to whether an unarmed warship is a lawful target, the legality of the war in general, and whether or to what extent the submarine had an obligation to assist or ensure assistance to the shipwrecked crew under the Second Geneva Convention.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1378931469,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T00:05:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_IRIS_Dena","wikidata_qid":"Q138567686","wikidata_classes":["torpedo attack","shipwrecking","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q138503695","label":"2026 Iran War","id":"2026-iran-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2026-lebanon-war","title":"2026 Lebanon war","date_start":"2026-03-02"},{"id":"2026-minab-school-attack","title":"2026 Minab school attack","date_start":"2026-02-28"},{"id":"assassination-of-ali-khamenei","title":"Assassination of Ali Khamenei","date_start":"2026-02-28"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-in-the-2026-iran-war","title":"United Arab Emirates in the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-02-28"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2026-iranian-supreme-leader-election","title":"2026 Iranian supreme leader election","date_start":"2026-03-08"},{"id":"assassination-of-ali-larijani","title":"Assassination of Ali Larijani","date_start":"2026-03-17"},{"id":"2026-onikisubat-school-shooting","title":"2026 Onikişubat school shooting","date_start":"2026-04-15"},{"id":"2026-northeastern-syria-offensive","title":"2026 northeastern Syria offensive","date_start":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"prelude-to-the-2026-iran-war","title":"Prelude to the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-01-13"}]}},"israeli-invasion-of-the-gaza-strip":{"extract":"The Gaza war is an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and Israel, fought as part of the unresolved Israeli–Palestinian and Gaza–Israel conflicts. The war began on 7 October 2023, when Palestinian militant group Hamas led an attack on Israel, in which 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals were killed and 251 were taken hostage. Since the start of the Israeli offensive that followed, over 74,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed; several studies in The Lancet indicate this figure is likely a significant undercount. Many scholarly sources and international organizations—including UN bodies, NGOs, and the International Association of Genocide Scholars—have concluded that Israel's actions in Gaza constitute genocide under international law. Several countries have also stated that genocide is occurring and have supported legal proceedings before the International Court of Justice. Israel and its supporters, including the United States, deny that genocide has occurred.\n\nFollowing the 7 October attacks, Israel launched a bombing campaign and later invaded Gaza on 27 October after clearing militants from its territory. Israeli forces launched several campaigns, including the Rafah offensive, three battles fought around Khan Yunis, and the siege of North Gaza, culminating in a 2025 offensive in Gaza City. They have assassinated Hamas leaders inside and outside of Gaza. A 2023 ceasefire broke down, and a second ceasefire in January 2025 ended with a surprise attack by Israel in March. A third ceasefire came into effect on 10 October after Israel and Hamas agreed to phase one of a US-backed peace plan. As part of the peace plan, the Hamas civil administration in Gaza resigned on 6 July 2026, and an agreement was reached on 31 July for Hamas and other militant organisations in Gaza to disarm, contingent on reconstruction progress and Israel's military withdrawal.\n\nThe war has resulted in significant humanitarian costs. A tightened blockade by Israel cut off basic necessities, which led to a partial famine. Around 90% of Gaza's civilian infrastructure has been destroyed and essential services, including water, electricity, and sanitation, have been severely disrupted; large parts are uninhabitable, with most hospitals, religious and cultural landmarks, and educational facilities destroyed. Gazan journalists, health workers, aid workers and other members of civil society have been detained, tortured, and killed. Israel has detained thousands of Palestinians from Gaza and the West Bank since the start of the war. Nearly all of the strip's 2.3 million Palestinians have been forcibly displaced. Over 100,000 Israelis were internally displaced at the height of the conflict. The first day was the deadliest in Israel's history, and the war is the deadliest for Palestinians in the broader conflict.\n\nIn September 2025, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that four of the five acts of genocide as defined by the Genocide Convention had been committed in Gaza since 7 October 2023. A case accusing Israel of genocide is being reviewed by the International Court of Justice. Experts and human rights organizations have also stated that Israel and Hamas have committed other war crimes. Some have described the 7 October attacks as a genocide or genocidal massacre of Israelis. Torture and sexual violence have been committed both by Palestinian militant groups and by Israeli forces.\n\nIsrael has received extensive military and diplomatic support from the United States. The war has reverberated regionally, with \"Axis of Resistance\" groups across several Arab countries and Iran clashing with the US and Israel, including in the Twelve-Day War in 2025, and the 2026 Iran war. A year of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah led to wars in Lebanon in 2024 and in 2026, as well as ongoing Israeli operations in Syria, which contributed to the fall of the Assad regime. The war continues to have regional and international repercussions, with large protests worldwide as well as a surge of antisemitism and anti-Palestinian racism.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1377864011,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-01T16:20:05Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war","wikidata_qid":"Q123036458","wikidata_classes":["invasion","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":["date_source_adjusted: Wikidata P585 2020-00-00 is only decade-or-coarser precision; used P580 start time 2023-10-00"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":"Gaza war","date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Leans toward the genocide framing but attributes it (\"many scholarly sources ... have concluded\") and states the Israeli and US denial; Hamas's crimes and sexual violence by both sides are included.","highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"}],"includes":[{"id":"al-shifa-hospital-siege","title":"Al-Shifa Hospital siege","date_start":"2023-11-01"},{"id":"killing-of-alon-shamriz-yotam-haim-and-samer-talalka","title":"Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka","date_start":"2023-12-15"},{"id":"killing-of-hind-rajab","title":"Killing of Hind Rajab","date_start":"2024-01-29"},{"id":"flour-massacre","title":"Flour Massacre","date_start":"2024-02-29"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"attacks-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-2023-present","title":"Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-01"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"gaza-genocide","title":"Gaza genocide","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}}}