{"1929-palestine-riots":{"extract":"The 1929 Palestine riots, also known as the Western Wall Riots, the Buraq Uprising (Arabic: ثورة البراق, Thawrat al-Burāq) or the Events of 1929 (Hebrew: מאורעות תרפ\"ט, Meora'ot Tarpat, lit. Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), were a series of demonstrations and riots in Mandatory Palestine in late August 1929 regarding access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem. The riots, which primarily affected the cities of Jerusalem, Safed, and Hebron, were part a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews over access to the site.\n\nAccording to many historians, the proximate cause of the riots was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini, who had roused fears of a Jewish takeover of the Temple Mount. According to other historians, the violence was triggered by the refusal of Zionist leaders to accept British offers of shared representation in Palestine, which was accepted by the Arab leadership. Scholars have also pointed to the transfer of land to the Jewish National Fund, which, along with rising concerns over land sales and immigration, contributed to socioeconomic anxieties that helped fuel the outbreak.\n\nThe riots took the form, for the most part, of attacks by Arabs on Jews accompanied by destruction of Jewish property. During the week of riots, from 23 to 29 August, 133 Jews were killed by Arabs, and 339 Jews were injured, most of whom were unarmed. There were 116 Arabs killed and at least 232 wounded, mostly by the Mandate police suppressing the riots. Around 20 Arabs were killed by Jewish attackers and indiscriminate British gunfire. After the riots, 174 Arabs and 109 Jews were charged with murder or attempted murder; around 40% of Arabs and 3% of Jews were subsequently convicted. During the riots, 17 Jewish communities were evacuated.\n\nThe British-appointed Shaw Commission found that the fundamental cause of the violence was the Arab opposition to the political and national consequences of Zionism, including disappointment over their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future. The commission described this as an \"Arab feeling of animosity and hostility towards the Jews\", but attributed it in particular to fears that Jewish immigration would threaten their livelihood and could result in Jews becoming \"a possible overlord of the future\". With respect to the triggering of the riots, the Commission found that the incident that contributed most to the outbreak was \"the Jewish demonstration [...] at the Wailing Wall\" on 15 August 1929. The 1930 Hope Simpson report subsequently examined concerns over Jewish immigration and land acquisitions and their impact on the livelihoods of Arab residents, and recommended measures to limit Jewish immigration.\n\nAvraham Sela described the riots as \"unprecedented in the history of the Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine, in duration, geographical scope and direct damage to life and property\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378961464,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T03:08:01Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F14","anchor":"f14---eleven-seed-dates-the-article-states-to-the-day-day-precision-recorded-date-unchanged"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots","wikidata_qid":"Q2281806","wikidata_classes":["riot","violent crime","protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q2992527","label":"Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine"}],"includes":[{"id":"1929-hebron-massacre","title":"1929 Hebron massacre","date_start":"1929-08-24"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1936-39-arab-revolt-in-palestine","title":"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine","date_start":"1936-04-19"},{"id":"jaffa-riots-may-1921","title":"Jaffa riots (May 1921)","date_start":"1921-05-01"},{"id":"battle-of-tel-hai","title":"Battle of Tel Hai","date_start":"1920-03-01"}],"nearby":[{"id":"1920-nebi-musa-riots","title":"1920 Nebi Musa riots","date_start":"1920-04-04","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"2022-al-aqsa-clashes","title":"2022 Al-Aqsa clashes","date_start":"2022-04-15","km":0.2,"bearing":109},{"id":"2023-israel-palestine-tensions","title":"2023 Israel–Palestine tensions","date_start":"2023-04-05","km":0.2,"bearing":49},{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17","km":0.6,"bearing":267},{"id":"king-david-hotel-bombing","title":"King David Hotel bombing","date_start":"1946-07-22","km":1.1,"bearing":257}]}},"unification-of-saudi-arabia":{"extract":"The unification of Saudi Arabia also known as the formation of Saudi Arabia was a series of military and political campaigns in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the Arabian Peninsula were brought under the rule of the House of Saud. Unification began in 1902 and culminated in 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Ibn Saud, marking the establishment of what is known as the Third Saudi state, the successor to the First Saudi state and the Second Saudi state. A brief final phase of consolidation continued into 1934.\n\nThe House of Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, following their second removal from power and the dissolution of their polity by the Rashidi dynasty rulers of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, allies of the Ottoman Empire.\n\nIn 1902, Ibn Saud returned to Najd and recaptured Riyadh, the former capital of the House of Saud. He subsequently consolidated control over much of the Arabian Peninsula, subjugating the remainder of Najd, seizing Al-Hasa from the Ottoman Empire, and conquering the Emirate of Jabal Shammar and the Hejaz from the Kingdom of Hejaz home to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina between 1913 and 1925.\n\nThe resulting state was known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd from 1926 until it was renamed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Two years later, in 1934, following the formal conclusion of the unification, the Kingdom of Yemen launched a war against Saudi Arabia. Saudi forces emerged victorious, ending Yemeni claims to the southern provinces of Asir, Najran, and Jazan. The Saudi–Yemeni War is often considered part of the broader unification process and is sometimes described as its second phase.\n\nIt has often been claimed that this process caused some 400,000 to 800,000 casualties. However, recent research suggests that though bloody, the number of deaths and injuries was significantly lower.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1377335671,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-29T00:09:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_of_Saudi_Arabia","wikidata_qid":"Q251600","wikidata_classes":["conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Saudi Arabia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"first-saudi-rashidi-war-1903-1907","title":"First Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)","date_start":"1903-01-01"},{"id":"saudi-yemeni-war-1934","title":"Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)","date_start":"1934-03-01"}]},"white-paper-of-1939":{"extract":"The White Paper of 1939 was a policy paper issued by the British government, led by Neville Chamberlain, in response to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. After its formal approval in the House of Commons on 23 May 1939, it acted as the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to the 1948 British departure. After the war, the Mandate was referred to the United Nations.\n\nThe policy, first drafted in March 1939, was prepared by the British government unilaterally as a result of the failure of the Arab–Zionist London Conference. Rejecting the Peel Commission's idea of partitioning Palestine, the paper called for the establishment of an independent Palestine State within 10 years that would share power between Jews and Arabs. It asserted that this would satisfy Britain's obligation to establish a Jewish National Home. The paper also limited Jewish immigration to 75,000 for five years and ruled that further immigration would then be determined by the Arab majority (section II). The High Commissioner was given the authority to establish regulations on the sale of land to non-Arabs (section III). The latter regulations were introduced in 1940 and imposed severe restrictions in all but 5% of Palestine.\n\nThe proposal did not meet the political demands proposed by Arab representatives during the London Conference and was officially rejected by the representatives of Palestine Arab parties, who were acting under the influence of Haj Amin Effendi al-Husseini. But the National Defence Party represented a more moderate opinion and was prepared to accept the White Paper.\n\nZionist groups in Palestine immediately rejected the White Paper and led a campaign of attacks on government property that lasted for several months. On 18 May, a Jewish general strike was called.\n\nRegulations on land transfers and clauses restricting immigration were implemented, but at the end of the five years in 1944, only 51,000 of the 75,000 immigration certificates provided for had been used. In light of this, the British offered to allow immigration to continue beyond the cutoff date of 1944, at a rate of 1,500 per month, until the remaining quota was filled. From December 1945 to the 1948 end of the Mandate, 1,500 additional certificates for Jewish immigrants were allocated each month. Key provisions were ultimately never to be implemented, initially because of cabinet opposition after the change in government and later because of preoccupation with World War II.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1357789658,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-04T18:10:51Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939","wikidata_qid":"Q1501775","wikidata_classes":["Palestine white papers"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"national-pact":{"extract":"The National Pact (Arabic: الميثاق الوطني, romanized: al Mithaq al Watani) is an unwritten agreement that laid the foundation of Lebanon as a multiconfessional state following negotiations between the Shia, Sunni, Maronite, and Druze leaderships. Enacted in the summer of 1943, the National Pact was formed by President Bechara El Khoury and Prime Minister Riad Al Solh. Mainly centered around the interests of political elites, the Maronite elite served as a voice for the Christian population of Lebanon, while the Sunni elite represented the voice of the Muslim population. The pact also established Lebanon's independence from France.\n\nKey points of the agreement stipulate that:\n\nLebanese Christians do not seek Western intervention, and accept that Lebanon had Arab features.\n\nLebanese Muslims abandon their aspirations to unite with Syria and the Arab World.\n\nThe president of the Republic and the commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces must be Maronite Catholic.\n\nThe prime minister of the Republic must be a Sunni Muslim.\n\nThe speaker of the Parliament must be a Shia Muslim.\n\nThe deputy speaker of the Parliament and the deputy prime minister must be Greek Orthodox Christian.\n\nThe chief of the General Staff of the Lebanese Armed Forces must be a Druze.\n\nThere must be a ratio of 6:5 in favour of Christians to Muslims (and Druze) in the Lebanese Parliament.\n\nA Christian majority of 51% in the 1932 census was the underpinning of a government structure that gave the Christians control of the presidency, command of the armed forces, and parliamentary majority. However, following a wider trend, the generally poorer Muslim population has increased faster than the richer Christians. Additionally, the Christians were emigrating in large numbers, further eroding their only marginal population edge, and it soon became clear that Christians wielded a disproportionate amount of power. As years passed without a new census, dissatisfaction with the government structure and sectarian rifts increased, eventually sparking the Lebanese Civil War. The Taif Agreement of 1989 changed the ratio of Parliament to 1:1 and reduced the power of the Maronite president; it also provided that eventually, the Parliament would become bicameral, with a Senate representing religious communities and a Chamber of Deputies chosen on a non-sectarian basis. It is commonly believed that once this bicameral Parliament is established, the Senate would have a 1:1 Christian-to-Muslim ratio similarly to the current Parliament and the president of the Senate would be required to be a Druze, in accordance with the dictates of the National Pact.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1363774120,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-12T09:50:42Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pact","wikidata_qid":"Q748819","wikidata_classes":["constitutional convention"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Lebanon","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"1949-armistice-agreements":{"extract":"The 1949 Armistice Agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria. They formally ended the hostilities of the 1948 Palestine War and also demarcated the Green Line, which separated Arab-controlled territory (i.e., the Jordanian-annexed West Bank and the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip) from Israel until the latter's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War.\n\nTo monitor the agreed-upon de facto border, the United Nations (UN) established supervising and reporting agencies; discussions related to the ceasefire's enforcement led to the signing of the separate Tripartite Declaration of 1950, in which the United States, the United Kingdom, and France pledged to take action within and outside of the UN in order to prevent violations of the frontiers. It also outlined their commitment to peace and stability in the area, their opposition to the use or threat of force, and reiterated their opposition to the development of an arms race between Arab countries and Israel.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373406233,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-05T20:08:07Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements","wikidata_qid":"Q999143","wikidata_classes":["armistice","treaty","ceasefire"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"battle-of-romani":{"extract":"The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town of Romani and the site of ancient Pelusium on the Sinai Peninsula, 23 mi (37 km) east of the Suez Canal. This victory by the 52nd (Lowland) Division and the Anzac Mounted Division of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) over a joint Ottoman and German force, which had marched across the Sinai, marked the end of the Defence of the Suez Canal campaign, also known as the Offensive zur Eroberung des Suezkanals and the İkinci Kanal Harekâtı, which had begun on 26 January 1915.\n\nThis British Empire victory ensured the safety of the Suez Canal from ground attacks and ended the Central Powers' plans to disrupt traffic through the canal by gaining control of the strategically important northern approaches to it. The pursuit by the Anzac Mounted Division, which ended at Bir el Abd on 12 August, began the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Thereafter the Anzac Mounted Division supported by the Imperial Camel Brigade were on the offensive, pursuing the German and Ottoman army many miles across the Sinai Peninsula, reversing in a most emphatic manner the defeat suffered at Katia three months earlier.\n\nFrom late April 1916, after a German-led Ottoman force attacked British yeomanry at the Battle of Katia, British Empire forces in the region at first doubled from one brigade to two and then grew as rapidly as the developing infrastructure could support them. The construction of the railway and a water pipeline soon enabled an infantry division to join the Australian Light Horse and mounted rifle brigades at Romani. During the heat of summer, regular mounted patrols and reconnaissance were carried out from their base at Romani, while the infantry constructed an extensive series of defensive redoubts. On 19 July the advance of a large German, Austrian and Ottoman force across the northern Sinai was reported. From 20 July until the battle began, the Australian 1st Light Horse Brigade and 2nd Light Horse Brigade took turns pushing out to battle the advancing hostile column.\n\nDuring the night of 3/4 August the advancing force, including the German Asia Corps (Pasha I) formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani. Forward troops quickly became engaged with the screen established by the 1st Light Horse Brigade. During fierce fighting before dawn on 4 August, the Australian light horse was forced to slowly retire. At daylight their line was reinforced by the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and about mid morning the 5th Mounted Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade joined the battle. Together these four brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division managed to contain and direct the determined German and Ottoman forces into deep sand. Here they came within range of the strongly entrenched 52nd (Lowland) Division defending Romani and the railway.\n\nCoordinated resistance by the EEF formations, the deep sand, the heat and thirst prevailed, and the German, Austrian and Ottoman advance was checked. Although the attacking force fought strongly to maintain its positions the next morning, by nightfall they had been pushed back to their starting point at Katia. The retiring force was pursued by the Anzac Mounted Division between 6 and 9 August, during which the Ottomans and Germans forces fought several determined rearguard actions against the advancing Australian light horse, British yeomanry and New Zealand mounted rifle brigades. The pursuit ended on 12 August, when the German and Ottoman force abandoned their base at Bir el Abd and retreated to El Arish.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379491812,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T08:44:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani","wikidata_qid":"Q2722527","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Told entirely from the British Empire side (\"reversing in a most emphatic manner\"); the Ottoman and German forces appear only as the enemy.","highlights":["reversing in a most emphatic manner"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"reversing in a most emphatic manner","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1765465","label":"Middle Eastern theater of World War I","id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"arab-revolt","title":"Arab Revolt","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26"},{"id":"stalemate-in-southern-palestine","title":"Stalemate in Southern Palestine","date_start":"1917-04-01"},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17"},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01"}],"nearby":[{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03","km":44.3,"bearing":313},{"id":"port-said-stadium-riot","title":"Port Said Stadium riot","date_start":"2012-02-01","km":46,"bearing":313}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-erzincan-1916","title":"Battle of Erzincan (1916)","date_start":"1916-07-02"},{"id":"battle-of-mecca-1916","title":"Battle of Mecca (1916)","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"siege-of-medina","title":"Siege of Medina","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"sykes-picot-agreement","title":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","date_start":"1916-05-16"},{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"}]}},"canal-hotel-bombing":{"extract":"The Canal Hotel bombing was a suicide truck bombing in Baghdad, Iraq, during the afternoon of 19 August 2003. It killed 23 people, including the United Nations' (UN) Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello, and wounded over 100, including human rights lawyer and political activist Amin Mekki Medani. The attack targeted the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq created just five days earlier. The attack resulted in the withdrawal within weeks of most of the 600 UN staff members from Iraq. These events were to have a profound and lasting impact on the UN's security practices globally.\n\nThe attack was followed by a suicide car bomb attack on 22 September 2003 near UN headquarters in Baghdad, killing a security guard and wounding 19 people.\n\nAbu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of terrorist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, claimed responsibility in April 2004 for the 19 August blast.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368382393,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T19:08:33Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q4116108","wikidata_classes":["suicide car bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"terrorist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["terrorist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad"]},"highlights":[{"text":"terrorist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"july-12-2007-baghdad-airstrike","title":"July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike","date_start":"2007-07-12","km":4.7,"bearing":118},{"id":"battle-of-baghdad-2003","title":"Battle of Baghdad (2003)","date_start":"2003-01-01","km":4.8,"bearing":244},{"id":"2010-baghdad-church-siege","title":"2010 Baghdad church siege","date_start":"2010-10-31","km":4.9,"bearing":232},{"id":"january-2021-baghdad-bombings","title":"January 2021 Baghdad bombings","date_start":"2021-01-21","km":5.1,"bearing":267},{"id":"2016-karrada-bombing","title":"2016 Karrada bombing","date_start":"2016-07-03","km":6,"bearing":227}],"same_time":[{"id":"maxim-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Maxim restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2003-10-04"},{"id":"2003-nasiriyah-bombing","title":"2003 Nasiriyah bombing","date_start":"2003-11-12"},{"id":"capture-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Capture of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2003-12-13"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2003","title":"Battle of Najaf (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-24"},{"id":"battle-of-karbala-2003","title":"Battle of Karbala (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-23"}]}},"2004-israeli-operation-in-rafah":{"extract":"In 2004, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Rainbow in Cloud (Hebrew: מבצע קשת בענן, romanized: Mivtza Keshet Be-Anan) in the southern Gaza Strip on 12–24 May 2004, involving an invasion and siege of Rafah. The operation was started after the deaths of eleven Israeli soldiers in two Palestinian attacks, in which M113 armored vehicles were attacked.\n\nHuman Rights Watch reported 59 Palestinians killed during 12–24 May, including 11 under age eighteen and 18 armed men. The IDF razed some 300 homes to expand the buffer zone along the Egypt–Gaza border, expanding it far inside the Gaza Strip. Also, a zoo and at least 700 dunams (70 ha) of agricultural land were destroyed.\n\nIsrael's declared aims of Operation Rainbow were finding and destroying smuggling tunnels, targeting terrorists, and securing the Philadelphi Route by expanding the buffer zone.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370280168,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-20T05:03:50Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah","wikidata_qid":"Q1241158","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8669","label":"Arab–Israeli conflict","id":"arab-israeli-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-the-northern-gaza-strip","title":"2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip","date_start":"2004-09-29"},{"id":"2006-lebanon-war","title":"2006 Lebanon War","date_start":"2006-07-12"},{"id":"israeli-lebanese-conflict","title":"Israeli–Lebanese conflict","date_start":"2000-01-01"},{"id":"operation-grapes-of-wrath","title":"Operation Grapes of Wrath","date_start":"1996-04-27"},{"id":"operation-accountability","title":"Operation Accountability","date_start":"1993-07-25"}],"nearby":[{"id":"rafah-paramedic-massacre","title":"Rafah paramedic massacre","date_start":"2025-03-23","km":0.6,"bearing":356},{"id":"killing-of-yahya-sinwar","title":"Killing of Yahya Sinwar","date_start":"2024-10-16","km":1.6,"bearing":9},{"id":"battle-of-rafa","title":"Battle of Rafa","date_start":"1917-01-09","km":3,"bearing":196},{"id":"tel-al-sultan-attack","title":"Tel al-Sultan attack","date_start":"2024-05-26","km":3.2,"bearing":13},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25","km":7.9,"bearing":37}],"same_time":[{"id":"first-battle-of-fallujah","title":"First Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-04-04"},{"id":"2004-istanbul-nato-summit","title":"2004 Istanbul NATO summit","date_start":"2004-06-28"},{"id":"2004-ashura-massacre","title":"2004 Ashura massacre","date_start":"2004-03-02"},{"id":"battle-of-samarra-2004","title":"Battle of Samarra (2004)","date_start":"2004-10-01"},{"id":"2004-sinai-bombings","title":"2004 Sinai bombings","date_start":"2004-10-07"}]}},"fall-of-fallujah":{"extract":"The fall of Fallujah was a major battle in the city of Fallujah in western Iraq that took place from late 2013 to early 2014, in which Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants and other Sunni insurgents including Anbar tribal militias captured the city of Fallujah. It was one of the first Iraqi cities to fall out of the control of the Iraqi Government, and resulted in the Anbar campaign.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370617744,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T03:11:40Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah","wikidata_qid":"Q18639207","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q15553019","label":"Anbar clashes (2013–2014)","id":"anbar-campaign-2013-2014"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"third-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Third Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2016-05-22","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"first-battle-of-fallujah","title":"First Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-04-04","km":2.4,"bearing":140},{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23","km":2.4,"bearing":140},{"id":"abu-ghraib-torture-and-prisoner-abuse","title":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","date_start":"2004-04-01","km":28.9,"bearing":106},{"id":"battles-of-ramadi-1917","title":"Battles of Ramadi (1917)","date_start":"1917-01-01","km":43.7,"bearing":277}],"same_time":[{"id":"war-in-iraq-2013-2017","title":"War in Iraq (2013–2017)","date_start":"2014-01-01"},{"id":"2014-turkish-local-elections","title":"2014 Turkish local elections","date_start":"2014-03-30"},{"id":"2014-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2014 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2014-04-30"},{"id":"ghouta-chemical-attack","title":"Ghouta chemical attack","date_start":"2013-08-21"},{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14"}]}},"operation-accountability":{"extract":"On July 25, 1993, Israeli forces launched a week-long attack against Lebanon named Operation Accountability (Hebrew: מבצע דין וחשבון, romanized: Mivtza Din VeHeshbon) in Israel and the Seven-Day War (Arabic: حرب الأيام السبعة) in Lebanon. Israel specified three purposes to the operation: to strike directly at Hezbollah, to make it difficult for Hezbollah to use southern Lebanon as a base for striking Israel, and to displace Lebanese and Palestinian civilians in the hopes of pressuring the Lebanese government to intervene against Hezbollah. The affected civilian population included both Lebanese and Palestinian people.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370630524,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T04:55:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Accountability","wikidata_qid":"Q2026496","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8669","label":"Arab–Israeli conflict","id":"arab-israeli-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"},{"id":"operation-grapes-of-wrath","title":"Operation Grapes of Wrath","date_start":"1996-04-27"},{"id":"israeli-lebanese-conflict","title":"Israeli–Lebanese conflict","date_start":"2000-01-01"},{"id":"israeli-withdrawal-from-lebanon","title":"South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-rafah","title":"2004 Israeli operation in Rafah","date_start":"2004-05-12"}],"same_time":[{"id":"sivas-massacre","title":"Sivas massacre","date_start":"1993-07-02"},{"id":"oslo-accords","title":"Oslo Accords","date_start":"1993-09-13"}]}},"iraqi-civil-war-2006-2008":{"extract":"The Iraqi civil war was an armed conflict from 2006 to 2008 between various sectarian Shia and Sunni armed groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Mahdi Army, in addition to the Iraqi government alongside American-led coalition forces. In February 2006, the insurgency against the coalition and government escalated into a sectarian civil war after the bombing of Al-Askari Shrine, considered a holy site in Twelver Shi'ism. US President George W. Bush and Iraqi officials accused al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) of orchestrating the bombing. AQI publicly denied any links. The incident set off a wave of attacks on Sunni civilians by Shia militants, followed by attacks on Shia civilians by Sunni militants.\n\nThe UN Secretary General stated in September 2006 that if patterns of discord and violence continued, the Iraqi state was in danger of breaking up. On 10 January 2007, Bush said that \"80% of Iraq's sectarian violence occurs within 30 miles (48 km) of the capital. This violence is splitting Baghdad into sectarian enclaves, and shakes the confidence of all Iraqis.\" By late 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate described the conflict as having elements of a civil war. In 2008, during the Sunni Awakening and the U.S. troop surge, violence declined dramatically. However, an insurgency by ISI continued to plague Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal in late 2011. In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor to Islamic State of Iraq, launched a major military offensive against the Iraqi government and declared a self-proclaimed worldwide Islamic caliphate. This led to another full-scale war from 2013 to 2017, in which the Iraqi government declared victory.\n\nIn October 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Iraqi government estimated that more than 370,000 Iraqis had been displaced since 2006, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1.6 million. By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate to about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number estimated abroad was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million. The Red Cross stated in 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation was among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources.\n\nAccording to the Failed States Index, produced by Foreign Policy and the Fund for Peace, Iraq was one of the world's top 5 unstable states from 2005 to 2008.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381386688,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-22T03:02:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)","wikidata_qid":"Q17183365","wikidata_classes":["civil war","war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q545449","label":"Iraq War","id":"iraq-war"},{"qid":"Q926905","label":"Iraqi insurgency","id":"iraqi-insurgency-2003-2011"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"battle-of-samarra-2004","title":"Battle of Samarra (2004)","date_start":"2004-10-01"},{"id":"nisour-square-massacre","title":"Nisour Square massacre","date_start":"2007-09-16"},{"id":"first-battle-of-fallujah","title":"First Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-04-04"},{"id":"abu-ghraib-torture-and-prisoner-abuse","title":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","date_start":"2004-04-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"mahmudiyah-rape-and-murders","title":"Mahmudiyah rape and murders","date_start":"2006-03-12"},{"id":"2006-palestinian-legislative-election","title":"2006 Palestinian legislative election","date_start":"2006-01-25"},{"id":"2006-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2006 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2006-03-28"},{"id":"december-2005-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2005-12-15"},{"id":"haditha-massacre","title":"Haditha massacre","date_start":"2005-11-19"}]}},"operation-chammal":{"extract":"Opération Chammal is a French military operation in Iraq and Syria launched to help curtail the expansion of the Islamic State and to support the Iraqi Army. Its name comes from the Shamal (Chammal in French), a northwesterly wind that blows over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states.\n\nAirstrikes in Iraq began on 19 September 2014 and airstrikes in Syria by the end of September 2015. The French operation was at first limited to airstrikes and French president François Hollande had stated no ground troops would be deployed in the conflict. Additionally, the French frigate Jean Bart joined the United States Navy's Commander Task Force 50 (CTF 50) as an escort.\n\nOn 14 November 2015, ISIS claimed that the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris the previous day were retaliation for Opération Chammal. In response, France decided to expand the scope of its operations against the Islamist group, leading to significant assets being deployed.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370767063,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-23T00:24:52Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal","wikidata_qid":"Q18121535","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the Paris attacks in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17507684","label":"War against the Islamic State","id":"war-against-the-islamic-state"},{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-inherent-resolve","title":"Operation Inherent Resolve","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"united-states-intervention-in-syria","title":"United States intervention in Syria","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"siege-of-kobani","title":"Siege of Kobanî","date_start":"2014-09-15"},{"id":"siege-of-deir-ez-zor-2014-2017","title":"Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)","date_start":"2014-07-14"},{"id":"2015-2016-latakia-offensive","title":"2015–2016 Latakia offensive","date_start":"2015-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"yemeni-civil-war-2014-present","title":"Yemeni civil war (2014–present)","date_start":"2014-09-16"},{"id":"2014-turkish-presidential-election","title":"2014 Turkish presidential election","date_start":"2014-08-10"},{"id":"battle-of-zumar","title":"Battle of Zumar","date_start":"2014-08-01"},{"id":"2014-jerusalem-synagogue-attack","title":"2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack","date_start":"2014-11-18"},{"id":"battle-of-ramadi-2014-2015","title":"Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)","date_start":"2014-11-21"}]}},"cairo-fire":{"extract":"The Cairo Fire (Arabic: حريق القاهرة), also known as Black Saturday, was a series of riots that took place on 26 January 1952, marked by the burning and looting of some 750 buildings—retail shops, cafes, cinemas, hotels, restaurants, theatres, nightclubs, and the city's Casino Opera —in downtown Cairo. The direct trigger of the riots was the Battle of Ismailia, an attack on an Egyptian police installation in Ismaïlia by British forces on 25 January, in which roughly 50 auxiliary policemen were killed.\n\nThe spontaneous anti-British protests that followed these deaths were quickly seized upon by organized elements in the crowd, who burned and ransacked large sectors of Cairo amidst the unexplained absence of security forces. The fire is thought by some to have signalled the end of the Kingdom of Egypt. The perpetrators of the Cairo Fire remain unknown to this day, and the truth about this important event in modern Egyptian history has yet to be established.\n\nThe disorder that befell Cairo during the 1952 fire has been compared to the chaos that followed the anti-government protests of 25 January 2011, which saw demonstrations take place amidst massive arson and looting, an inexplicable withdrawal of the police, and organized prison-breaking.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1377459324,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-29T14:06:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_fire","wikidata_qid":"Q2015343","wikidata_classes":["riot","protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25","km":1.6,"bearing":157},{"id":"mcmahon-hussein-correspondence","title":"McMahon–Hussein correspondence","date_start":"1915-07-14","km":1.7,"bearing":157},{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14","km":1.7,"bearing":156},{"id":"2012-2013-egyptian-protests","title":"2012–2013 Egyptian protests","date_start":"2012-11-22","km":3,"bearing":203},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22","km":3.4,"bearing":144}],"same_time":[{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-1952","title":"Egyptian revolution of 1952","date_start":"1952-07-23"},{"id":"1951-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1951 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1951-07-30"}]}},"1999-istanbul-summit":{"extract":"The 1999 Istanbul Summit was the 6th Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) summit and was held in Istanbul, Turkey from November 18 until November 19, resulting in the adoption of the Istanbul Summit Declaration and the signing of the Charter for European Security. Also in Istanbul, 30 OSCE states signed the Agreement on the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, which amended the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to reflect the changes since the end of the Cold War. There was a verbal clash between Russia and the West concerning NATO intervention in the Kosovo Conflict and the beginning of the Second Chechen War.\n\nThe Transnistria conflict, the Abkhaz–Georgian conflict and the Georgian–Ossetian conflict were also discussed.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1368897569,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-11T18:22:06Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Istanbul_summit","wikidata_qid":"Q4594808","wikidata_classes":["summit"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}}}