{"turkish-war-of-independence":{"extract":"The Turkish War of Independence (15 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists and the Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern question, ending the Ottoman sultanate and the Ottoman caliphate, and established the Republic of Turkey. After leading the nationalists to victory, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introduced revolutionary reforms as president of the new republic.\n\nWhile World War I ended for the Ottomans with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allies continued occupying land per the Sykes–Picot Agreement, and to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and those involved in the Armenian genocide. Several Ottoman commanders therefore refused orders from the Ottoman government to disband their forces. In an atmosphere of turmoil, Sultan Mehmed VI dispatched general Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later Atatürk), to restore order; however, he became an enabler and leader of Turkish Nationalist resistance. In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies agreed to launch a Greek force to occupy Smyrna (İzmir), inflaming sectarian tensions and beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist counter government led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was appeasing the Allies. The Allies pressured the Ottoman \"Istanbul government\" to suspend the Constitution, Parliament, and sign the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty unfavorable to Turkish interests that the \"Ankara government\" declared illegal.\n\nTurkish forces defeated the French in the south, and remobilized army units went on to partition Armenia with the Bolsheviks, resulting in the Treaty of Kars (1921). The Western Front is known as the Greco-Turkish War. İsmet Pasha (İnönü)'s organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü. The Greeks emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and drove on Ankara. The Turks checked their advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces. The war ended with the recapture of İzmir, the Chanak crisis and another armistice in Mudanya.\n\nThe Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne, a treaty more favorable to Turkey than Sèvres. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown, the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the secular nation of Turkey. Turkey's demographics were significantly affected by the Armenian genocide and the Greek genocide. The Turkish Nationalist Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations—a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing during World War I. The historic Christian presence in Anatolia was largely destroyed; Muslims went from 80% to 98% of the population.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1377647906,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-30T09:44:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence","wikidata_qid":"Q234738","wikidata_classes":["war of national liberation","war of independence","war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Turkey","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"franco-turkish-war","title":"Franco-Turkish War","date_start":"1918-12-01"},{"id":"greco-turkish-war-1919-1922","title":"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","date_start":"1919-05-15"},{"id":"chanak-crisis","title":"Chanak crisis","date_start":"1922-09-01"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"greek-landing-at-smyrna","title":"Greek landing at Smyrna","date_start":"1919-05-15"}]}},"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack":{"extract":"The Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack was an attack on Ankara Esenboğa Airport, 28 km (17 mi) northeast of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, on 7 August 1982. The attack was perpetrated by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA). Nine people were killed and 72 injured during the attack.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1351639203,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-04-29T05:50:22Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport_attack","wikidata_qid":"Q2042386","wikidata_classes":["terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10","km":24.9,"bearing":211},{"id":"march-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"March 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-03-13","km":26.1,"bearing":208},{"id":"february-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"February 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-02-17","km":27.1,"bearing":209},{"id":"assassination-of-andrei-karlov","title":"Assassination of Andrei Karlov","date_start":"2016-12-19","km":27.1,"bearing":206},{"id":"turkish-aerospace-industries-headquarters-attack","title":"Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack","date_start":"2024-10-23","km":35.3,"bearing":262}],"same_time":[{"id":"dujail-massacre","title":"Dujail massacre","date_start":"1982-07-08"},{"id":"sabra-and-shatila-massacre","title":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","date_start":"1982-09-16"},{"id":"siege-of-beirut","title":"Siege of Beirut","date_start":"1982-06-14"},{"id":"operation-mole-cricket-19","title":"Operation Mole Cricket 19","date_start":"1982-06-09"},{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"}]}},"battle-of-khafji":{"extract":"The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. It took place in and around the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji, from 29 January to 1 February 1991.\n\nIraqi leader Saddam Hussein, who had already tried and failed to draw Coalition forces into costly ground engagements by shelling Saudi Arabian positions and oil storage tanks and firing Scud surface-to-surface missiles at Israel, ordered the invasion of Saudi Arabia from southern Kuwait. The 1st and 5th Mechanized Divisions and 3rd Armored Division were ordered to conduct a multi-pronged invasion toward Khafji, engaging Saudi Arabian, Kuwaiti, and U.S. forces along the coastline, with a supporting Iraqi commando force ordered to infiltrate further south by sea and harass the Coalition's rear.\n\nThese three divisions, which had suffered significant losses from attacks by Coalition aircraft in the preceding days, attacked on 29 January. Most of their attacks were repulsed by U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army forces but one of the Iraqi columns occupied Khafji on the night of 29–30 January. From 30 January to 1 February, two Saudi Arabian National Guard battalions and two Qatari tank companies attempted to retake control of the city, aided by Coalition aircraft and U.S. artillery. By 1 February, the city had been recaptured at the cost of 43 Coalition servicemen dead and 52 wounded. Iraqi Army fatalities numbered between 60 and 300, while an estimated 400 were captured as prisoners of war.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370445110,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-21T04:04:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji","wikidata_qid":"Q718770","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q37643","label":"Gulf War","id":"gulf-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"},{"id":"amiriyah-shelter-bombing","title":"Amiriyah shelter bombing","date_start":"1991-02-13"},{"id":"battle-of-73-easting","title":"Battle of 73 Easting","date_start":"1991-02-26"},{"id":"battle-of-medina-ridge","title":"Battle of Medina Ridge","date_start":"1991-02-27"},{"id":"battle-of-norfolk","title":"Battle of Norfolk","date_start":"1991-02-27"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-dasman-palace","title":"Battle of Dasman Palace","date_start":"1990-08-02"},{"id":"british-airways-flight-149","title":"British Airways Flight 149","date_start":"1990-08-02"}]}},"june-2016-istanbul-bombing":{"extract":"On 7 June 2016, at around 08:40 (UTC+3), a bombing occurred in central Istanbul, Turkey, killing 12 people and injuring 51 others, three of them seriously. The attack targeted a bus carrying policemen as the vehicle passed through the Vezneciler district near the Şehzade Mosque and the Vezneciler Metro station.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1338815427,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-02-17T11:22:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2016_Istanbul_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q24391822","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q619749","label":"Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency","id":"kurdistan-workers-party-insurgency"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11","km":0.5,"bearing":141},{"id":"january-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"January 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-01-12","km":1.8,"bearing":118},{"id":"2003-istanbul-bombings","title":"2003 Istanbul bombings","date_start":"2003-11-01","km":2,"bearing":42},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19","km":3.2,"bearing":40},{"id":"2022-istanbul-bombing","title":"2022 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2022-11-13","km":3.2,"bearing":41}],"same_time":[{"id":"june-2016-tel-aviv-shooting","title":"June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting","date_start":"2016-06-08"},{"id":"third-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Third Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2016-05-22"},{"id":"2016-ataturk-airport-attack","title":"2016 Atatürk Airport attack","date_start":"2016-06-28"},{"id":"2016-karrada-bombing","title":"2016 Karrada bombing","date_start":"2016-07-03"},{"id":"2016-saudi-arabia-bombings","title":"2016 Saudi Arabia bombings","date_start":"2016-07-04"}]}},"nir-oz-attack":{"extract":"On 7 October 2023, as part of the surprise attack on Israel, Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip, led by Hamas, invaded the Nir Oz kibbutz in southern Israel. They killed scores of kibbutz residents, burned homes, and abducted civilians. Over 500 Palestinian militants and civilian looters participated in the massacre. A total of 47 people were killed and 76 were taken hostage in the attack. Among them were peace activists, including later-released hostage Yocheved Lifshitz, who used to transport Gazans to hospitals in Israel for treatment.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379958720,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T23:10:15Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Oz_attack","wikidata_qid":"Q123025873","wikidata_classes":["massacre","terrorist attack","hate crime","kidnapping","rape"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122976243","label":"October 7 attacks","id":"october-7-attacks"}],"includes":[{"id":"kidnapping-and-killing-of-the-bibas-family","title":"Kidnapping and murder of the Bibas family","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"ein-hashlosha-massacre","title":"Ein HaShlosha massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"holit-attack","title":"Holit attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kfar-aza-massacre","title":"Kfar Aza massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"nearby":[{"id":"nirim-attack","title":"Nirim attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":3,"bearing":347},{"id":"kissufim-massacre","title":"Kissufim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":7.1,"bearing":358},{"id":"khan-yunis-massacre","title":"Khan Yunis massacre","date_start":"1956-11-03","km":10.1,"bearing":292},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25","km":11.2,"bearing":292},{"id":"nova-music-festival-massacre","title":"Nova music festival massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":11.8,"bearing":34}],"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"gaza-genocide","title":"Gaza genocide","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present","title":"Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"1919-egyptian-revolution":{"extract":"The 1919 Egyptian revolution (Arabic: ثورة 1919, Thawra 1919) was a nation-wide revolution in the Sultanate of Egypt against British occupation that lasted from November 1918 to July 1919. Occurring right after the end of World War I, the revolution served as the culmination of successive decades of opposition by Egyptian nationalists to occupation, and was directly sparked by the British-ordered exile of Wafd Party leader Saad Zaghloul and several other party members.\n\nThe revolution was successfully countered by British forces. However, Britain's High Commissioner for Egypt nevertheless felt negotiations were needed to quell the crisis. Ultimately, the United Kingdom would grant subsequent recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 as the Kingdom of Egypt, and the implementation of a new Egyptian constitution in 1923. The British government, however, retained significant levels of influence in Egypt and refused to recognize full Egyptian sovereignty over Sudan or to withdraw British forces from the Suez Canal. These factors would continue to sour Egypt–United Kingdom relations in the decades leading up to the Egyptian revolution of 1952.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1376929730,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-27T01:24:41Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution","wikidata_qid":"Q1993171","wikidata_classes":["revolution"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q7318933","label":"revolutions of 1917–1923"},{"qid":"Q2474428","label":"Egypt during British influence"}]},"turkish-capture-of-smyrna":{"extract":"The Turkish capture of Smyrna or the Liberation of İzmir (Turkish: İzmir'in Kurtuluşu) marked the end of the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War, and the culmination of the Turkish War of Independence. On 9 September 1922, following the headlong retreat of the Greek army after its defeat at the Battle of Dumlupınar and its evacuation from western Anatolia, the Turkish 5th Cavalry Corps under the command of Major-General Fahrettin Altay within the Turkish Army under the command of Mustafa Kemal Pasha marched into the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir), bringing three years of Greek occupation to an end.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378553702,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-05T00:16:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna","wikidata_qid":"Q12813016","wikidata_classes":["battle","liberation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Told only from the Turkish army's side (\"Liberation of İzmir\", \"Greek occupation\"); the Great Fire of Smyrna and the killing of Greek and Armenian civilians that followed are left out.","highlights":["Liberation of İzmir","Greek occupation"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"Liberation of İzmir","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"Greek occupation","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q87138","label":"Greco-Turkish War","id":"greco-turkish-war-1919-1922"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-the-sakarya","title":"Battle of the Sakarya","date_start":"1921-08-23"},{"id":"second-battle-of-inonu","title":"Second Battle of İnönü","date_start":"1921-04-01"},{"id":"yalova-peninsula-massacres","title":"Yalova Peninsula massacres","date_start":"1920-01-01"},{"id":"greek-landing-at-smyrna","title":"Greek landing at Smyrna","date_start":"1919-05-15"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-dumlup-nar","title":"Battle of Dumlupınar","date_start":"1922-08-26"},{"id":"armistice-of-mudanya","title":"Armistice of Mudanya","date_start":"1922-10-11"},{"id":"uqair-protocol-of-1922","title":"Uqair Protocol of 1922","date_start":"1922-12-02"}]}},"operation-inherent-resolve":{"extract":"Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the United States military's operational name for the international war against the Islamic State (IS) including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely related campaign in Libya.\n\nThrough 18 September 2018, the U.S. Army's III Armored Corps was responsible for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF—OIR) and were replaced by the XVIII Airborne Corps. The campaign was primarily waged by American and British forces in support of local allies, most prominently the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Combat ground troops, mostly special forces, infantry, and artillery have also been deployed, especially in Iraq. Of the airstrikes, some 80% have been conducted by the military of the United States, with the rest by the United Kingdom (Operation Shader), Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates.\n\nBy October 2017, around the time of IS's territorial defeat in Iraq, CJTF—OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed by it and its allies (excluding those targeted by Russian and Syrian air strikes). According to the Pentagon, by March 2019, the day of IS's territorial defeat in Syria, CJTF—OIR and its partner forces had liberated nearly 110,000 square kilometers (42,471 square miles) of land and 7.7 million people from IS, the vast majority of the self-proclaimed caliphate's territory and subjects. By the end of August 2019, it had conducted 34,573 strikes. Tens of thousands more were killed by partner forces on the ground (the SDF alone claimed to have killed 25,336 IS fighters by the end of 2017). According to Airwars, between 8,220 and 13,299 civilians were killed in the airstrikes in Syria and Iraq, with an additional 1,437 civilians killed in other operations.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379450694,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T02:06:56Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve","wikidata_qid":"Q18357664","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 2014 (2014-09-22) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [2018, 2017, 2019]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"CJTF—OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed","note":"The coalition's figures are introduced with \"claimed\", while Airwars' civilian figures are given with \"According to\"."}],"highlights":["CJTF—OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed"]},"highlights":[{"text":"CJTF—OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17507684","label":"War against the Islamic State","id":"war-against-the-islamic-state"}],"includes":[{"id":"iraqi-conflict","title":"Iraqi conflict","date_start":"2003-03-20"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"united-states-intervention-in-syria","title":"United States intervention in Syria","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"operation-chammal","title":"Opération Chammal","date_start":"2014-09-19"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"}]}},"northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020":{"extract":"The 2019–2020 northwestern Syria offensive, codenamed \"Dawn of Idlib 2,\" was a military operation launched by the armed forces of the Syrian Arab Republic, Russia, Iran, Hezbollah and other allied militias against Syrian opposition and allied fighters of the Syrian National Army, Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, Rouse the Believers Operations Room, the Turkistan Islamic Party, and other rebels during the Syrian civil war. The offensive began on 19 December 2019 and saw Russian-backed pro-Syrian government forces clash with Turkish-backed opposition groups along with leaving 980,000 civilians displaced.\n\nBy February 2020, pro-government forces had encircled several Turkish observation posts that had been established throughout Idlib governorate. On 27 February, after intermittent deadly clashes between Turkish and Syrian forces, Turkey formally intervened in the offensive and announced the beginning of Operation Spring Shield with the aim of pushing Syrian government forces back to pre-offensive frontlines.\n\nOn 5 March 2020, a meeting took place between Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Russian president Vladimir Putin in which they agreed on a ceasefire beginning on 6 March that established a six-kilometer secure corridor along the M4 Highway. The ceasefire also called for joint Turkish–Russian patrols along the highway beginning on 15 March.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381686166,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T03:39:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2019%E2%80%932020)","wikidata_qid":"Q79629688","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-spring-shield","title":"Operation Spring Shield","date_start":"2020-02-27"},{"id":"december-2019-united-states-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01"},{"id":"syria-missile-strikes-september-2018","title":"Syria missile strikes (September 2018)","date_start":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing","title":"2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing","date_start":"2017-04-15"},{"id":"2017-shayrat-missile-strike","title":"2017 Shayrat missile strike","date_start":"2017-04-07"}],"same_time":[{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31"},{"id":"assassination-of-qasem-soleimani","title":"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-03"},{"id":"operation-martyr-soleimani","title":"Operation Martyr Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"ukraine-international-airlines-flight-752","title":"Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"2019-2020-iranian-protests","title":"2019–2020 Iranian protests","date_start":"2019-11-15"}]}},"italian-invasion-of-egypt":{"extract":"The Italian invasion of Egypt (Operazione E) was an offensive in the Second World War from Italian Libya, against British, Commonwealth and Free French in the neutral Kingdom of Egypt. The invasion by the Italian 10th Army (10ª Armata) ended border skirmishing on the frontier and began the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) proper. The Italian strategy was to advance from Libya along the Egyptian coast to seize the Suez Canal. After numerous delays, the scope of the offensive was reduced to an advance as far as Sidi Barrani and the defeat of any British forces in the area.\n\nThe 10th Army advanced about 65 mi (105 km) into Egypt against British screening forces of the 7th Support Group (7th Armoured Division) the main force remaining in the vicinity of Mersa Matruh, the principal British base in the Western Desert. On 16 September 1940, the 10th Army halted and took up defensive positions around the port of Sidi Barrani. British casualties were 40 men killed and the Italians suffered 120. The army was to wait in fortified camps, until engineers had built the Via della Vittoria (Victory Road) along the coast, an extension of the Libyan Via Balbia. The Italians began to accumulate supplies for an advance against the 7th Armoured Division and the 4th Indian Division at Mersa Matruh, about 80 mi (130 km) further on.\n\nOn 8 December, before the 10th Army was ready to resume its advance on Mersa Matruh, the Western Desert Force (WDF) began Operation Compass, a five-day raid against the fortified Italian camps outside Sidi Barrani. The raid succeeded and the few units of the 10th Army in Egypt that were not destroyed were forced into a hurried retreat. The WDF pursued the remnants of the 10th Army along the coast to Sollum and across the border to Bardia, Tobruk, Derna, Mechili, Beda Fomm and El Agheila on the Gulf of Sirte. The WDF suffered casualties of 1,900 men killed and wounded during Compass and took 133,298 Italian and Libyan prisoners, 420 tanks, over 845 guns and many aircraft.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1370945050,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-23T21:32:51Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt","wikidata_qid":"Q698421","wikidata_classes":["invasion","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q625798","label":"Western Desert campaign","id":"western-desert-campaign"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-brevity","title":"Operation Brevity","date_start":"1941-05-16"},{"id":"operation-skorpion","title":"Operation Skorpion","date_start":"1941-05-27"},{"id":"battle-of-mersa-matruh","title":"Battle of Mersa Matruh","date_start":"1942-06-29"},{"id":"first-battle-of-el-alamein","title":"First Battle of El Alamein","date_start":"1942-07-01"},{"id":"battle-of-alam-el-halfa","title":"Battle of Alam el Halfa","date_start":"1942-08-30"}],"same_time":[{"id":"bombing-of-bahrain-in-world-war-ii","title":"Bombing of Bahrain in World War II","date_start":"1940-10-19"},{"id":"mediterranean-and-middle-east-theatre-of-world-war-ii","title":"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II","date_start":"1940-06-10"},{"id":"operation-compass","title":"Operation Compass","date_start":"1940-12-09"}]}},"2009-lebanese-general-election":{"extract":"Parliamentary elections were held in Lebanon on 7 June 2009 to elect all 128 members of the Parliament of Lebanon. Although general elections are held every four years, this parliament due to various reasons stayed in power until the 2018 general election.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1338380162,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-02-14T20:58:03Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election","wikidata_qid":"Q1507312","wikidata_classes":["Lebanese legislative election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2009-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2009 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2009-06-14"},{"id":"south-yemen-insurgency","title":"South Yemen insurgency","date_start":"2009-04-27"},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22"},{"id":"2009-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2009 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2009-02-10"},{"id":"zurich-protocols","title":"Zurich Protocols","date_start":"2009-10-10"}]}},"2011-iraqi-protests":{"extract":"The 2011 Iraqi protests came in the wake of the Tunisian revolution and 2011 Egyptian revolution. They resulted in at least 35 deaths, including at least 29 on 25 February 2011, the \"Day of Rage\".\n\nSeveral protests in March were against the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain.\n\nProtests also took place in Iraqi Kurdistan, an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq's north, and lasted for 62 days.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1365927839,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-25T07:00:34Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q1149030","wikidata_classes":["protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"port-said-stadium-riot":{"extract":"The Port Said Stadium riot was a riot which occurred at Port Said Stadium in Port Said, Egypt on 1 February, 2012, following an Egyptian Premier League football match between Al Masry and Al Ahly. Seventy-four people were killed and more than 500 injured after thousands of Al Masry fans invaded the pitch following a 3–1 victory by their club. Al Ahly fans were attacked using clubs, stones, machetes, knives, bottles, and fireworks, trapping them inside the Al Ahly partition of the stadium. Many of the deaths were due to police refusal to open the stadium gates, trapping fans inside and causing a stampede. Civil unrest and clashes with police erupted in several major cities, such as Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez, in response to police's handling of the riot.\n\nSeventy-three defendants, including nine police officers and two officials from Port Said's Al-Masry club, were charged in the aftermath of the riots. As of 15 November 2015, 26 defendants had been acquitted, including seven police officers and one Al-Masry club official. Of the 47 convicted, 11 were sentenced to death, ten received 15-year prison terms, nine received 10-year sentences, sixteen received 5-year sentences, including two police officers and one Al-Masry club official, and one received a 1-year sentence. The Court of Cassation upheld the sentences on 20 February, 2017.\n\nAs a result of the riot, the Egyptian government shut down the domestic league for two years, which affected the Egyptian national team.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1375538179,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-18T11:57:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Stadium_riot","wikidata_qid":"Q685746","wikidata_classes":["riot","disaster","protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03","km":1.7,"bearing":125},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03","km":46,"bearing":132}],"same_time":[{"id":"2012-syrian-constitutional-referendum","title":"2012 Syrian constitutional referendum","date_start":"2012-02-26"},{"id":"2011-british-embassy-in-iran-attack","title":"2011 British Embassy in Iran attack","date_start":"2011-11-29"},{"id":"2011-12-egyptian-parliamentary-election","title":"2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election","date_start":"2011-11-28"},{"id":"2012-homs-offensive","title":"2012 Homs offensive","date_start":"2012-04-14"},{"id":"2012-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2012 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2012-05-07"}]}},"2014-egyptian-presidential-election":{"extract":"Presidential elections were held in Egypt between 26 and 28 May 2014. There were only two candidates, former Egyptian defence minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Egyptian Popular Current candidate Hamdeen Sabahi. El-Sisi won the election, which was neither free nor fair, in a landslide victory, having received 97% of votes. The elections were marred by irregularities, repression of el-Sisi's political opponents, and suppression of free speech.\n\nBefore announcing his candidacy in the election, el-Sisi, who as Defence Minister also served as Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, was responsible for officially announcing the removal of president Mohamed Morsi from office in the aftermath of the June 2013 Egyptian protests. After Morsi's removal, Sisi installed a temporary interim government, but remained Egypt's Minister of Defence and assumed the role of the country's First Deputy Prime Minister. On 26 March 2014, he officially retired from the military, and announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The election, held between 26 and 28 May and which included only one opponent, was boycotted by some political parties, as well as many Islamists, including the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party, the Brotherhood itself having been previously declared a terrorist organization in December 2013.\n\nThe elections, which were planned to take place for two days, were extended to a third day. Official figures showed that 25,578,233 people voted in the elections, and the election had a turnout of 47.5% (lower than the 2012 election's 52%), with el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, 96.91%, ten million more votes than former president Mohamed Morsi (who garnered 13 million votes against his opponent in the close runoff of the 2012 election).","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1379328637,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-09T07:46:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q14303464","wikidata_classes":["Presidential elections in Egypt","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2014-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-03"},{"id":"fall-of-mosul","title":"Fall of Mosul","date_start":"2014-06-04"},{"id":"2014-israeli-presidential-election","title":"2014 Israeli presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-10"},{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"camp-speicher-massacre","title":"Camp Speicher massacre","date_start":"2014-06-12"}]}},"june-2019-istanbul-mayoral-election":{"extract":"The June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election was held on 23 June 2019. It was a repeat of the March 2019 mayoral election, which was annulled by the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) on 6 May 2019. The original election had resulted in a narrow 0.2% margin of victory for opposition candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu, causing the governing Justice and Development Party (AK Party) to successfully petition for a by-election.\n\nThe Nation Alliance (formed of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the Good Party) fielded their initial candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu, who ran a positive campaign under the slogan Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak (Everything will be fine). The governing People's Alliance (formed by the AK Party and the Nationalist Movement Party) reselected their initially unsuccessful candidate Binali Yıldırım. The non-aligned Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) did not stand their own candidate and announced their support for İmamoğlu. The election featured a televised debate between the two main candidates, for the first time in Turkey since 2002. Campaigning focused highly on rival accusations of misconduct during and after the initial March 2019 election, during which both sides alleged that they had been a victim of the other's antics.\n\nThe results showed a substantial swing in favour of İmamoğlu, who multiplied his initial 13,700-vote margin of victory 57-fold to win 54.2% of the vote against Yıldırım's 45.0%. The opposition's victory defied opinion polls, which predicted a much narrower victory, and was a record in the history of Istanbul local elections in terms of both popular vote and percentage share. İmamoğlu also won pluralities in 28 of Istanbul's 39 districts. Yıldırım, on the other hand, lost 11 districts he had won in March and saw a 4% decrease in his previous vote share, conceding defeat soon after indicative results became public. The result was seen as a huge defeat to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who had once said that if his party \"lost Istanbul, we would lose Turkey.\" Commentators viewed the result as a backlash against Erdoğan, the initial annulment of the March vote (which was largely seen as an anti-democratic manoeuvre), economic mismanagement and negative campaigning. It was also seen as a backfire against the government's last-ditch attempt to involve the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)'s imprisoned leader Abdullah Öcalan in the process, in an attempt to convince HDP voters to boycott the election.\n\nThe opposition's landslide was characterised at the time as the \"beginning of the end\" for Erdoğan, with international commentators calling the re-run a huge government miscalculation that led to a potential İmamoğlu candidacy in the next scheduled presidential election. It was suggested that the scale of the government's defeat could provoke a Cabinet reshuffle and an early general election, though this did not come to pass. İmamoğlu would end up not being chosen as the opposition's presidential candidate in 2023, and Erdoğan would end up being narrowly re-elected, defeating Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1340716662,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-02-27T06:53:20Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2019_Istanbul_mayoral_election","wikidata_qid":"Q63639179","wikidata_classes":["mayoral election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"april-2019-israeli-legislative-election","title":"April 2019 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2019-04-09"},{"id":"abqaiq-khurais-attack","title":"Abqaiq–Khurais attack","date_start":"2019-09-14"},{"id":"2019-turkish-local-elections","title":"2019 Turkish local elections","date_start":"2019-03-31"},{"id":"september-2019-israeli-legislative-election","title":"September 2019 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2019-09-17"},{"id":"2019-2021-iraqi-protests","title":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","date_start":"2019-10-01"}]}}}