{"mcmahon-hussein-correspondence":{"extract":"The McMahon–Hussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I, in which the government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war in exchange for the Sharif of Mecca launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The correspondence had a significant influence on Middle Eastern history during and after the war; a dispute over Palestine continued thereafter.\n\nThe correspondence is composed of ten letters that were exchanged from July 1915 to March 1916 between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner to Egypt. Whilst there was some military value in the Arab manpower and local knowledge alongside the British Army, the primary reason for the arrangement was to counteract the Ottoman declaration of jihad (\"holy war\") against the Allies, and to maintain the support of the 70 million Muslims in British India (particularly those in the Indian Army that had been deployed in all major theatres of the wider war). The area of Arab independence was defined to be \"in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sherif of Mecca\" with the exception of \"portions of Syria\" lying to the west of \"the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo\"; conflicting interpretations of this description were to cause great controversy in subsequent years. One particular dispute, which continues to the present, is the extent of the coastal exclusion.\n\nFollowing the publication of the November 1917 Balfour Declaration (a letter written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild, a wealthy and prominent leader in the British Jewish community), which promised a national home for the Jews in Palestine, and the subsequent leaking of the secret 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement in which Britain and France proposed to split and occupy parts of the territory, the Sharif and other Arab leaders considered the agreements made in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence to have been violated. Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and, in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the Mandate system, stated that he could not be expected to \"affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners\". A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, with negotiations suspended in March 1924; within six months, the British withdrew their support in favour of their central Arabian ally Ibn Saud, who proceeded to conquer Hussein's kingdom.\n\nThe correspondence \"haunted Anglo-Arab relations\" for many decades thereafter. In January 1923, unofficial excerpts were published by Joseph N. M. Jeffries in the Daily Mail and copies of the letters circulated in the Arab press. Excerpts were published in the 1937 Peel Commission Report and the correspondence was published in full in George Antonius's 1938 book The Arab Awakening, then officially in 1939 as Cmd. 5957. Further documents were declassified in 1964.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1363295392,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-09T08:10:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_correspondence","wikidata_qid":"Q59524","wikidata_classes":["correspondence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"manual-override","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14","km":0,"bearing":90},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25","km":0,"bearing":290},{"id":"cairo-fire","title":"Cairo fire","date_start":"1952-01-26","km":1.7,"bearing":337},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22","km":1.8,"bearing":132},{"id":"2012-2013-egyptian-protests","title":"2012–2013 Egyptian protests","date_start":"2012-11-22","km":2.2,"bearing":236}]}},"qatar-diplomatic-crisis":{"extract":"The Qatar diplomatic crisis was a period of diplomatic hostility between Qatar and four Arab states between 2017 and 2021. It began when Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt simultaneously severed their bilateral relations with Qatar and subsequently banned Qatar-registered aircraft and Qatari ships from traversing their territory on land, sea, and air. This involved Saudi Arabia's closure of Qatar's only land crossing, initiating a de facto blockade of the country. The crisis was brought to an end in January 2021, following an agreement between the Saudis and the Qataris.\n\nThe Saudi-led coalition cited Qatar's alleged support for terrorism as the main reason for their actions, alleging that Qatar had violated a 2014 agreement with the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), of which Qatar is a member. Saudi Arabia and other countries have criticized Al Jazeera and Qatar's relations with Iran. Qatar explained that it had provided assistance to some opposition groups, including Islamist groups (such as the Muslim Brotherhood), but consistently denied aiding militant groups linked to al-Qaeda or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Qatar also emphasized that it had long assisted the United States in the war on terror, especially via the Qatar-based Al Udeid US military base, and through the ongoing military intervention against ISIL.\n\nOne day into the crisis, the Saudi-led coalition was joined by Jordan, and was further supported thereafter by the Maldives, Mauritania, Senegal, Djibouti, the Comoros, and the Tobruk-based government in Libya, all of which severed relations with Qatar. The demands against Qatar included reducing diplomatic relations with Iran, stopping military coordination with Turkey, and closing Al Jazeera; Qatar refused to agree to any of the Saudi-led coalition's demands. Initial supply disruptions were minimised by additional imports from Iran, with which Qatar restored full diplomatic relations in August 2017, and Turkey.\n\nOn 4 January 2021, Qatar and Saudi Arabia agreed to a resolution of the crisis, brokered by Kuwait and the United States, which stated that Saudi Arabia would reopen its border with Qatar and begin the process of reconciliation. An agreement and final communiqué signed on 5 January 2021 following a GCC summit at al-Ula marked the resolution of the crisis. According to Middle East analyst Samuel Ramani in an article published in Foreign Policy, the crisis was a failure for Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt, because Qatar ended up forging closer ties with Iran and Turkey, and became economically and militarily stronger and more autonomous.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1381713846,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T08:44:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis","wikidata_qid":"Q30130610","wikidata_classes":["international crisis","political crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Qatar","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2017-tehran-attacks","title":"2017 Tehran attacks","date_start":"2017-06-07"},{"id":"2017-minya-bus-attack","title":"2017 Minya bus attack","date_start":"2017-05-26"},{"id":"2017-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2017 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2017-05-19"},{"id":"2017-turkish-constitutional-referendum","title":"2017 Turkish constitutional referendum","date_start":"2017-04-16"},{"id":"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing","title":"2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing","date_start":"2017-04-15"}]}},"battle-of-bitlis":{"extract":"The Battle of Bitlis refers to a series of engagements in the summer of 1916 for the town of Bitlis and to a lesser extent nearby Muş, between Russian Imperial forces and their Ottoman counterparts. The town was the last stronghold of the Ottoman Empire preventing the Russians from entering Anatolia and Mesopotamia.\n\nPart of the battle is known as Battle of Muş\n\nThe first military confrontation at Bitlis occurred in July 1915, when Russian troops launched an unsuccessful assault on the town's fortifications. The second confrontation began in February 1916 and ended with the capture of Bitlis by new Russian corps, which largely consisted of the 1st Battalion of the Armenian volunteer units under the command of Andranik Ozanian. The Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli gave opportunity for Turkish forces to redeploy to the Caucasus region. Russian commander Nikolai Yudenich intended to attack the Turks before they could organize their forces to launch an attack. After a series of clashes in Koprukoy, Erzurum, Muş, the Russian IV Caucasian Corps captured Bitlis on 2–3 March, 1,000 more prisoners were taken in the city.\n\nThe Ottoman troops of Ahmed Izzet Pasha were composed of veterans from the Gallipoli campaign. They were to outflank the Russians in Bitlis before the end of March, but communications were terrible, and troops had to march from Ankara for a month. The Turkish Second Army's (belated) offensive began on 2 August 1916 and successfully took back Bitlis (and Muş) but lost other territories in the Euphrates region to the Russians. On 24 August, the Russian forces had recaptured both Mush and Bitlis. The Ottomans suffered 34,000 casualties, around half of which were POWs.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1371656249,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-27T17:50:44Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis","wikidata_qid":"Q2632850","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"landing-at-anzac-cove","title":"Landing at Anzac Cove","date_start":"1915-04-25"},{"id":"raid-on-the-suez-canal","title":"Raid on the Suez Canal","date_start":"1915-01-26"},{"id":"battle-of-sarikamish","title":"Battle of Sarikamish","date_start":"1914-12-22"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"},{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"}]}},"third-battle-of-gaza":{"extract":"The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. The fighting occurred at the beginning of the Southern Palestine Offensive, and, together with attacks on Hareira and Sheria on 6–7 November and the continuing Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, which had been launched by General Edmund Allenby on 1 November, it eventually broke the Gaza-to-Beersheba line defended by the Yildirim Army Group. Despite having held this line since March 1917, the Ottoman Army was forced to evacuate Gaza and Tel el Khuweilfe during the night of 6–7 November. Only Sheria held out for most of 7 November before it too was captured.\n\nFollowing British defeats at the First and Second battles of Gaza in March and April 1917, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine. Entrenched defences approximately on the lines held at the end of the second battle were strengthened, and both sides undertook regular mounted reconnaissances into the open eastern flank. In late June, Allenby replaced General Archibald Murray as commander of the EEF, which he quickly reorganised. At about the same time, the Ottoman Fourth Army was also restructured. As the stalemate continued in terrible conditions through the summer, reinforcements began to arrive to replace the large number of casualties suffered by the EEF during the previous fighting for Gaza, while several additional divisions also arrived. The Ottoman defenders were also reinforced at this time, and both sides carried out training while manning the front lines and monitoring the open eastern flank. By mid-October, as the Battle of Passchendaele continued on the Western Front, the last of the British reinforcements arrived as Allenby's preparations to commence a campaign of manoeuvre neared completion.\n\nPrior to the Second Battle of Gaza, the town had been developed into a strong modern fortress, with entrenchments, wire entanglements and a glacis on its south and south–eastern edges. A series of field works, mutually supported by artillery, machine guns and rifles, extended from Gaza eastwards to within 4 miles (6.4 km) of Beersheba. Beginning on 27 October, the EEF began a heavy and almost continuous bombardment of Gaza. During this time, the EEF's XXI Corps, holding the Gaza section of the line, had been mostly passive until the night of 1/2 November, when a series of determined night-time assaults were mounted against the Gaza defences. Yet these attacks were only partially successful due to the strength of the garrison. The bombardment of Gaza intensified on 6 November and during the night of 6/7 November successful attacks were launched on several trench systems. On the morning of 7 November, Gaza was found to have been evacuated during the night. The Gaza to Beersheba line subsequently collapsed and the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies were forced into retreat. Following several battles during the pursuit, the EEF captured Jerusalem on 9 December 1917.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379491514,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T08:41:03Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza","wikidata_qid":"Q941322","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Told entirely from the British Empire forces' side.","highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1765465","label":"Middle Eastern theater of World War I","id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17"},{"id":"stalemate-in-southern-palestine","title":"Stalemate in Southern Palestine","date_start":"1917-04-01"},{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26"},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1918","title":"Battle of Haifa (1918)","date_start":"1918-09-23"},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03"}],"nearby":[{"id":"killing-of-alon-shamriz-yotam-haim-and-samer-talalka","title":"Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka","date_start":"2023-12-15","km":1.3,"bearing":344},{"id":"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike","title":"Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike","date_start":"2023-10-19","km":1.9,"bearing":325},{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17","km":2.1,"bearing":327},{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":2.9,"bearing":130},{"id":"battle-of-gaza-2007","title":"Battle of Gaza (2007)","date_start":"2007-06-10","km":3.8,"bearing":324}],"same_time":[{"id":"balfour-declaration","title":"Balfour Declaration","date_start":"1917-11-02"},{"id":"battle-of-beersheba-1917","title":"Battle of Beersheba (1917)","date_start":"1917-10-31"},{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17"},{"id":"armistice-of-erzincan","title":"Armistice of Erzincan","date_start":"1917-12-18"},{"id":"battle-of-imbros","title":"Battle of Imbros","date_start":"1918-01-20"}]}},"king-david-hotel-bombing":{"extract":"The British administrative headquarters for Mandatory Palestine, housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, were bombed in a terrorist attack on 22 July 1946, by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization Irgun during the Jewish insurgency. 91 people of various nationalities were killed, including Arabs, Britons and Jews, and 46 were injured.\n\nThe hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. When planned, the attack had the approval of the Haganah, the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine, though, unbeknownst to the Irgun, this had been cancelled by the time the operation was carried out. The main motive of the bombing was to destroy documents incriminating the Jewish Agency in attacks against the British, which were obtained during Operation Agatha, a series of raids by mandate authorities. It was the deadliest attack directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920–1948).\n\nDisguised as Arab workmen and as hotel waiters, members of the Irgun planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel, whose southern wing housed the Mandate Secretariat and a few offices of the British military headquarters. The resulting explosion caused the collapse of the western half of the southern wing of the hotel. Some of the deaths and injuries occurred in the road outside the hotel and in adjacent buildings.\n\nControversy has arisen over the timing and adequacy of any warnings. The Irgun stated subsequently that warnings were delivered by telephone; Thurston Clarke states that the first warning was delivered by a 16-year-old recruit to the hotel switchboard 15 minutes before the explosion. The British Government said after the inquest that no warning had been received by anyone at the Secretariat \"in an official position with any power to take action\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-03","wikipedia_revid":1381422895,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-22T10:56:20Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q1814446","wikidata_classes":["terrorist attack","military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"bombed in a terrorist attack","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the bombing, in the defining sentence, in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["bombed in a terrorist attack"]},"highlights":[{"text":"bombed in a terrorist attack","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q6190058","label":"Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17","km":0.5,"bearing":65},{"id":"sbarro-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2001-08-09","km":1,"bearing":335},{"id":"1920-nebi-musa-riots","title":"1920 Nebi Musa riots","date_start":"1920-04-04","km":1.1,"bearing":77},{"id":"1929-palestine-riots","title":"1929 Palestine riots","date_start":"1929-08-23","km":1.1,"bearing":77},{"id":"2022-al-aqsa-clashes","title":"2022 Al-Aqsa clashes","date_start":"2022-04-15","km":1.3,"bearing":81}],"same_time":[{"id":"1946-turkish-general-election","title":"1946 Turkish general election","date_start":"1946-07-21"}]}},"2015-kuwait-mosque-bombing":{"extract":"The 2015 Kuwait mosque bombing was a suicide bombing took place on 26 June 2015 at a Shia mosque in Kuwait City, Kuwait. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack. Sabah al-Sabah, the Emir at the time, arrived at the location of the incident after a short period of time. Twenty-seven people were killed and 227 people were wounded.\n\nTwenty-nine suspects were taken to court and after approximately ten sessions, most of them public, 15 were found guilty, with 7 to receive capital punishment (5 in absentia). Those include Adel Eidan, who drove the bomber to the mosque and admitted his intention to bomb the mosque and claimed that he wanted the mosque itself to be bombed, but \"not the people\", and Mohammed and Majid az-Zahrani (in absentia), who delivered the explosives to the terrorists in Kuwait and were arrested by Saudi authorities.\n\nThree other Islamist attacks took place on the same day in France, Tunisia, and Somalia. The attacks followed an audio message released three days earlier by ISIS senior leader, Abu Mohammad al-Adnani, encouraging militants everywhere to attack the stated enemies of ISIS during the month of Ramadan. No definitive link between the attacks has yet been established. One attack, at a French factory, resulted in the beheading of one person; another, at a Tunisian beach resort, killed 38, most of them British tourists; and the other, an attack on an African Union base undertaken by al-Shabaab, killed at least 70.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374399755,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-11T20:54:37Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q20281004","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","mass murder","Wikinews article","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"delivered the explosives to the terrorists in Kuwait","note":"Uses \"terrorists\" for the bombers in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["delivered the explosives to the terrorists in Kuwait"]},"highlights":[{"text":"delivered the explosives to the terrorists in Kuwait","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-dasman-palace","title":"Battle of Dasman Palace","date_start":"1990-08-02","km":2.3,"bearing":60}],"same_time":[{"id":"joint-comprehensive-plan-of-action","title":"Iran nuclear deal","date_start":"2015-07-14"},{"id":"june-2015-turkish-general-election","title":"June 2015 Turkish general election","date_start":"2015-06-07"},{"id":"suruc-bombing","title":"Suruç bombing","date_start":"2015-07-20"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13"},{"id":"2015-2016-lebanese-protests","title":"2015–2016 Lebanese protests","date_start":"2015-08-22"}]}},"1921-persian-coup-d-etat":{"extract":"1921 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Persian date), refers to several major events in Qajar Iran in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of Iran in 1925.\n\nThe events began with a coup by the Persian Cossack Brigade headed by Reza Khan on 22 February 1921. The precise level of British involvement in the coup remains a matter of historical debate, but it is almost certain that Edmund Ironside provided advice to the plotters. With this coup Zia ol Din Tabatabaee took over power and became prime minister. The coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance. With his expanded forces and the Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan launched successful military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in Tabriz, Mashhad and the Jangalis in Gilan. The campaign against Simko and the Kurds was less successful and lasted well into 1922, though it eventually concluded with Iranian success.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1372653163,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-01T17:13:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat","wikidata_qid":"Q1131857","wikidata_classes":["coup d'état"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"kurdish-turkish-conflict","title":"Kurdish–Turkish conflict","date_start":"1921-03-06"},{"id":"emirate-of-transjordan","title":"Emirate of Transjordan","date_start":"1921-04-11"},{"id":"jaffa-riots-may-1921","title":"Jaffa riots (May 1921)","date_start":"1921-05-01"},{"id":"battle-of-the-sakarya","title":"Battle of the Sakarya","date_start":"1921-08-23"}]}},"1996-cruise-missile-strikes-on-iraq":{"extract":"The 1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq, codenamed Operation Desert Strike, were joint United States Navy–United States Air Force strikes conducted on 3 September against air defense targets in southern Iraq, in response to an Iraqi offensive in the Kurdish Civil War.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368281312,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T03:49:57Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq","wikidata_qid":"Q1781133","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q899657","label":"Iraqi no-fly zones conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1998-bombing-of-iraq","title":"1998 bombing of Iraq","date_start":"1998-01-01"},{"id":"operation-southern-watch","title":"Operation Southern Watch","date_start":"1992-08-27"},{"id":"operation-provide-comfort","title":"Operation Provide Comfort","date_start":"1991-03-01"}]}},"iraq-war":{"extract":"The Iraq War (Arabic: حرب العراق, romanized: ḥarb al-ʿirāq), also referred to as the Second Gulf War (Gulf War II), was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion by a United States–led coalition, which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. During the US occupation of Iraq, the conflict persisted as an insurgency that arose against coalition forces and the newly established Iraqi government. US forces were officially withdrawn in 2011. In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency.\n\nThe Iraq invasion was part of the Bush administration's broader war on terror, launched in response to the September 11 attacks. In October 2002, the US Congress passed a bipartisan resolution granting Bush authority to use military force against Iraq. The war began on March 20, 2003, when the US, joined by the UK, Australia, and Poland, initiated a \"shock and awe\" bombing campaign. Coalition forces launched a ground invasion, defeating Iraqi forces and toppling the Ba'athist regime. Saddam Hussein was captured in 2003 and executed in 2006.\n\nThe fall of Saddam's regime created a power vacuum, which, along with the Coalition Provisional Authority's mismanagement, fueled a sectarian civil war between Iraq's Shia majority and Sunni minority, and contributed to a lengthy insurgency. In response, the US deployed an additional 170,000 troops during the 2007 troop surge, which helped stabilize parts of the country. In 2008, Bush agreed to withdraw US combat troops, a process completed in 2011 under President Barack Obama.\n\nAmong the international law justifications advanced by the United States for the Iraq War were the inherent right of anticipatory self-defense and prior authorization by the Security Council. The primary rationale for the invasion centered around false claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that Saddam Hussein was supporting al-Qaeda. The 9/11 Commission concluded in 2004 that there was no credible evidence linking Saddam to al-Qaeda, and no WMD stockpiles were found in Iraq. These false claims faced widespread criticism, in the US and abroad. Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the United Nations, declared the invasion illegal under international law, as it violated the UN Charter. The 2016 Chilcot Report, a British inquiry, concluded the war was unnecessary, as peaceful alternatives had not been fully explored. Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005, and Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006, a position he held until 2014. His government's policies alienated Iraq's Sunni minority, exacerbating sectarian tensions.\n\nThe war led to an estimated 150,000 to over a million deaths, including over 100,000 civilians, with most occurring during the post-invasion insurgency and civil war. The war had lasting geopolitical effects, including the emergence of the extremist Islamic State, whose rise led to the 2013–2017 War in Iraq. The war damaged American international reputation, and Bush's popularity declined. UK prime minister Tony Blair's support for the war diminished his standing, contributing to his resignation in 2007.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-03","wikipedia_revid":1378226477,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T15:50:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War","wikidata_qid":"Q545449","wikidata_classes":["military campaign","offensive","invasion","military operation","war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"the extremist Islamic State","note":"Uses \"extremist\" for the Islamic State in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["the extremist Islamic State"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the extremist Islamic State","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q47015896","label":"Iraqi conflict","id":"iraqi-conflict"},{"qid":"Q185729","label":"War on Terrorism"}],"includes":[{"id":"battle-of-baghdad-2003","title":"Battle of Baghdad (2003)","date_start":"2003-01-01"},{"id":"iraqi-insurgency-2003-2011","title":"Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-01-01"},{"id":"invasion-of-iraq","title":"2003 invasion of Iraq","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"anbar-campaign-2003-2011","title":"Anbar campaign (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"capture-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Capture of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2003-12-13"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2004","title":"Battle of Najaf (2004)","date_start":"2004-01-01"},{"id":"abu-ghraib-torture-and-prisoner-abuse","title":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","date_start":"2004-04-01"},{"id":"first-battle-of-fallujah","title":"First Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-04-04"},{"id":"battle-of-samarra-2004","title":"Battle of Samarra (2004)","date_start":"2004-10-01"},{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"iraqi-civil-war-2006-2008","title":"Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)","date_start":"2006-02-22"},{"id":"nisour-square-massacre","title":"Nisour Square massacre","date_start":"2007-09-16"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-2008","title":"Battle of Basra (2008)","date_start":"2008-03-25"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"iraqi-insurgency-2017-present","title":"Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)","date_start":"2017-12-09"},{"id":"2019-2021-iraqi-protests","title":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","date_start":"2019-10-01"},{"id":"2021-2022-iraqi-political-crisis","title":"2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis","date_start":"2021-11-05"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-al-faw-2003","title":"Battle of Al Faw (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-2003","title":"Battle of Basra (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-umm-qasr","title":"Battle of Umm Qasr","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-karbala-2003","title":"Battle of Karbala (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-nasiriyah","title":"Battle of Nasiriyah","date_start":"2003-03-23"}]}},"south-yemen-insurgency":{"extract":"The South Yemen insurgency was a series of protests and attacks on government forces in southern Yemen since 27 April 2009. The insurgency comes amid the Shia insurgency in the country's north as led by the Houthi communities. Southern leaders led a brief, unsuccessful secession in 1994 following unification. Many of them are involved in the present secession movement. Southern separatist insurgents are active mainly in the area of former South Yemen, and also in Dhale Governorate which was not a part of the independent southern state.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376407991,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-24T00:38:19Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency","wikidata_qid":"Q632663","wikidata_classes":["rebellion"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q15946570","label":"Yemeni crisis"}],"includes":[{"id":"2025-2026-southern-yemen-campaign","title":"2025–2026 southern Yemen campaign","date_start":"2025-12-02"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"houthi-insurgency","title":"Houthi insurgency","date_start":"2004-06-01"},{"id":"yemeni-civil-war-2014-present","title":"Yemeni civil war (2014–present)","date_start":"2014-09-16"},{"id":"houthi-takeover-of-yemen","title":"Houthi takeover of Yemen","date_start":"2014-09-21"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-occupation-of-socotra","title":"United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra","date_start":"2018-04-30"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2009-lebanese-general-election","title":"2009 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2009-06-07"},{"id":"2009-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2009 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2009-06-14"},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22"},{"id":"2009-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2009 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2009-02-10"},{"id":"gaza-war-2008-09","title":"Gaza War (2008–2009)","date_start":"2008-12-27"}]}},"russian-occupation-of-tabriz":{"extract":"The Russian occupation of Tabriz was a military occupation by the Russian Empire that lasted from 30 April 1909 to 28 February 1918, with a brief interruption from 6 to 31 January 1915. The occupation occurred during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent years of World War I. At the time, Tabriz was the second-largest city of Qajar Iran, serving as the capital of the Azerbaijan region and the traditional seat of the Qajar Crown Prince.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1372095714,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-30T07:48:21Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz","wikidata_qid":"Q19906312","wikidata_classes":["military occupation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 1911 (1911-01-01) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [1909, 1918, 1915]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4397975","label":"Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution"}]},"abqaiq-khurais-attack":{"extract":"On 14 September 2019, drones were used to attack oil processing facilities at Abqaiq and Khurais in eastern Saudi Arabia. The facilities were operated by Saudi Aramco, the country's state-owned oil company. The Houthi movement in Yemen claimed responsibility, tying it to events surrounding the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni civil war. Saudi Arabian officials said that many more drones and cruise missiles were used for the attack and originated from the north and east, and that they were of Iranian manufacture. The United States and Saudi Arabia have stated that Iran was behind the attack while France, Germany, and the United Kingdom jointly stated Iran bears responsibility for it. Iran has denied any involvement. The situation exacerbated the 2019 Persian Gulf crisis.\n\nThe attack caused large fires at the processing facility, which were put out several hours later, according to Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Interior. Both facilities were shut down for repairs, cutting Saudi Arabia's oil production by about half – representing about five percent of global oil production – and causing some destabilization of global financial markets. The Ministry of Energy said that the country would tap into its oil reserves to maintain export levels until the facilities return to full capacity by the end of September.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1376652868,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-25T13:23:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack","wikidata_qid":"Q67527355","wikidata_classes":["drone warfare","armed conflict","airstrike","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q65920364","label":"Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2020)"},{"qid":"Q20896823","label":"Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict","id":"houthi-saudi-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31"},{"id":"assassination-of-qasem-soleimani","title":"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-03"},{"id":"operation-martyr-soleimani","title":"Operation Martyr Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"ukraine-international-airlines-flight-752","title":"Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"december-2019-united-states-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"september-2019-israeli-legislative-election","title":"September 2019 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2019-09-17"},{"id":"2019-2021-iraqi-protests","title":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","date_start":"2019-10-01"},{"id":"17-october-revolution","title":"17 October Revolution","date_start":"2019-10-17"},{"id":"2019-2020-iranian-protests","title":"2019–2020 Iranian protests","date_start":"2019-11-15"},{"id":"june-2019-istanbul-mayoral-election","title":"June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election","date_start":"2019-06-23"}]}}}