{"1968-iraqi-coup-d-tat":{"extract":"The 17 July Revolution (Arabic: انقلاب 17 تموز, romanized: inqilāb 17 Tammūz) was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power. Ba'athists involved in the coup as well as the subsequent purge of the moderate faction led by Naif included Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, and Saddam Hussein, the future President of Iraq. The coup was primarily directed against Yahya, an outspoken Nasserist who exploited the political crisis created by the June 1967 Six-Day War to push Arif's moderate government to nationalize the Western-owned Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in order to use Iraq's \"oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel.\" Full nationalization of the IPC did not occur until 1972, under the Ba'athist administration. In the aftermath of the coup, the new Iraqi government consolidated power by denouncing alleged American and Israeli machinations, publicly executing 14 people including 9 Iraqi Jews on fabricated espionage charges amidst a broader purge, and working to expand Iraq's traditionally close relations with the Soviet Union.\n\nThe Ba'ath Party ruled from the 17 July Revolution until 2003, when it was removed from power by an invasion led by American and British forces. The 17 July Revolution is not to be confused with the 14 July Revolution, a coup on 14 July 1958, when King Faisal II was overthrown, ending the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and establishing the Republic of Iraq, or the 8 February 1963 Ramadan Revolution that brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to power for the first time as part of a short-lived coalition government that held power for less than one year.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379826284,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T03:41:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_July_Revolution","wikidata_qid":"Q4120226","wikidata_classes":["coup d'état"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Iraq","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783165","label":"Arab Cold War","id":"arab-cold-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"black-september-in-jordan","title":"Black September","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"1970-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"1970 Syrian coup d'etat","date_start":"1970-11-13"},{"id":"1966-syrian-coup-d-tat","title":"1966 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1966-02-23"},{"id":"1964-hama-riot","title":"1964 Hama riot","date_start":"1964-04-01"},{"id":"dhofar-rebellion","title":"Dhofar rebellion","date_start":"1963-06-09"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-karameh","title":"Battle of Karameh","date_start":"1968-03-21"},{"id":"1968-israeli-raid-on-beirut-airport","title":"1968 Israeli raid on Beirut Airport","date_start":"1968-12-28"}]}},"battle-of-gaza-2007":{"extract":"The Battle of Gaza, also known as the Gaza civil war, was a brief civil war between Fatah and Hamas that took place in the Gaza Strip from 7 to 15 June 2007. It was a prominent event in the Fatah–Hamas conflict, centered on the struggle for power after the fall of the National Unity Government between Hamas and Fatah, which was dissolved shortly afterwards. This led to the de facto division of the Palestinian territories into two entities: the West Bank governed by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and the Gaza Strip governed by Hamas. Hamas fighters took control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah officials were either taken as prisoners, executed, or expelled. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights reported that at least 161 people were killed and more than 700 were wounded during the fighting.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381695693,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T05:19:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)","wikidata_qid":"Q373655","wikidata_classes":["battle","military operation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1397949","label":"Fatah–Hamas conflict"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"al-shifa-hospital-siege","title":"Al-Shifa Hospital siege","date_start":"2023-11-01","km":1.1,"bearing":321},{"id":"killing-of-hind-rajab","title":"Killing of Hind Rajab","date_start":"2024-01-29","km":1.3,"bearing":255},{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17","km":1.7,"bearing":140},{"id":"al-shati-refugee-camp-airstrikes","title":"Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes","date_start":"2023-10-12","km":1.8,"bearing":346},{"id":"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike","title":"Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike","date_start":"2023-10-19","km":1.9,"bearing":142}],"same_time":[{"id":"2007-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2007 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2007-05-27"},{"id":"july-12-2007-baghdad-airstrike","title":"July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike","date_start":"2007-07-12"},{"id":"2007-turkish-general-election","title":"2007 Turkish general election","date_start":"2007-07-22"},{"id":"qahtaniyah-bombings","title":"Qahtaniyah bombings","date_start":"2007-08-14"},{"id":"2007-turkish-presidential-election","title":"2007 Turkish presidential election","date_start":"2007-08-28"}]}},"kafr-qasim-massacre":{"extract":"The Kafr Qasim massacre (Arabic: مذبحة كفر قاسم, Hebrew: טבח כפר קאסם) was the killing by the Israel Border Police of 49 Palestinian civilians, including 19 men, 6 women and 23 children, in the Israeli Arab village of Kafr Qasim on 29 October 1956, the eve of the Sinai War. Israeli forces had imposed a curfew on the village in the morning of October 29th, and when a number of villagers who had been away and were unaware of the curfew returned, they were massacred.\n\nFrom 1949 to 1966, Arab citizens were regarded by Israel as a hostile population. On 29 October 1956, the Israeli army ordered that all Arab villages near the Green Line, at that time, the de facto border between Israel and the Jordanian West Bank, to be placed under a wartime curfew. The border policemen who were involved in the shooting were brought to trial and found guilty and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 7 to 17 years. The brigade commander was sentenced to pay the symbolic fine of 10 prutot (old Israeli cents).\n\nThe Israeli court found that the command to kill civilians was \"blatantly illegal\". However, all of the sentences were later reduced, with some of those convicted receiving presidential pardons. All of those convicted had been released by November 1959. Two of those convicted later received promotions: Shmuel Malinksi was put in charge of the Negev Nuclear Research Center, while Gabriel Dahan was placed in charge of \"Arab Affairs\" of the city of Ramla.\n\nIssachar (Yissachar) \"Yiska\" Shadmi—the highest-ranking official prosecuted for the massacre—stated, shortly before his death, that he believed that his trial was staged to protect members of the Israeli political and military elite, including Prime Minister David Ben Gurion, from taking responsibility for the massacre. The purpose was to portray the perpetrators as a group of rogue soldiers, rather than people acting under higher orders.\n\nIn December 2007, President of Israel Shimon Peres formally apologised for the massacre. In October 2021, a Joint List bill to have the massacre officially recognized was rejected in the Knesset.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379777663,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-11T22:07:32Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q1642045","wikidata_classes":["massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Well sourced overall, but states the sweeping claim that \"Arab citizens were regarded by Israel as a hostile population\" as fact.","highlights":["Arab citizens were regarded by Israel as a hostile population"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"Arab citizens were regarded by Israel as a hostile population","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"sabena-flight-571","title":"Sabena Flight 571","date_start":"1972-05-08","km":14.7,"bearing":217},{"id":"lod-airport-massacre","title":"Lod Airport massacre","date_start":"1972-05-30","km":15.1,"bearing":209},{"id":"qibya-massacre","title":"Qibya massacre","date_start":"1953-10-15","km":15.6,"bearing":167},{"id":"coastal-road-massacre","title":"Coastal road massacre","date_start":"1978-03-11","km":16.3,"bearing":283},{"id":"june-2016-tel-aviv-shooting","title":"June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting","date_start":"2016-06-08","km":18.1,"bearing":255}],"same_time":[{"id":"suez-crisis","title":"Suez Crisis","date_start":"1956-10-29"},{"id":"khan-yunis-massacre","title":"Khan Yunis massacre","date_start":"1956-11-03"}]}},"bahr-el-baqar-primary-school-bombing":{"extract":"The Bahr el-Baqar primary school in the Egyptian village of Bahr el-Baqar (south of Port Said, in the eastern province of Sharqia) was bombed by the Israeli Air Force on 8 April 1970. Of the 130 children who were attending the school, 46 were killed and over 50 wounded. The school itself was completely demolished. A part of the War of Attrition, the attack was one of a series of airstrikes conducted in Egypt by Israel during Operation Priha. There has been significant dispute between both parties and their allies over the intentionality and motive of the attack and, consequently, its appropriate designation.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1367874925,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-05T18:33:15Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_El-Baqar_primary_school_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q3064186","wikidata_classes":["bomb attack","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":"Shown as \"terrorism\" because Wikidata types this Israeli air strike as a terrorist attack. The summary itself says the designation is disputed. Our category follows Wikidata's type without judging it.","data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"avivim-school-bus-bombing","title":"Avivim school bus bombing","date_start":"1970-05-22"},{"id":"black-september-in-jordan","title":"Black September","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"dawson-s-field-hijackings","title":"Dawson's Field hijackings","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"1969-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1969 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1969-10-28"}]}},"palestinian-declaration-of-independence":{"extract":"The Palestinian Declaration of Independence formally established the State of Palestine, and was written by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and proclaimed by Yasser Arafat on 15 November 1988 (5 Rabiʽ al-Thani 1409) in Algiers, Algeria. It had previously been adopted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC), the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), by a vote of 253 in favour, 46 against, and 10 abstaining. It was read at the closing session of the 19th PNC to a standing ovation. Upon completing the reading of the declaration, Arafat, as chairman of the PLO, assumed the title of President of Palestine. In April 1989, the PLO Central Council elected Arafat as the first president of the State of Palestine.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379016163,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T11:31:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence","wikidata_qid":"Q1816561","wikidata_classes":["declaration of independence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"1988-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1988 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1988-11-01"},{"id":"operation-mersad","title":"Operation Mersad","date_start":"1988-07-26"},{"id":"iran-air-flight-655","title":"Iran Air Flight 655","date_start":"1988-07-03"}]}},"uss-cole-bombing":{"extract":"The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack by al-Qaeda against USS Cole, a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000, while she was being refueled in Yemen's Aden harbor.\n\nSeventeen U.S. Navy sailors were killed and thirty-seven injured in the deadliest attack against a United States naval vessel since the USS Stark incident in 1987.\n\nAl-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack. A U.S. judge held Sudan liable for the attack, while another released over $13 million in Sudanese frozen assets to the relatives of those killed. The U.S. Navy reconsidered its rules of engagement in response to this attack. On 30 October 2020, Sudan and the United States signed a bilateral claims agreement to compensate families of the sailors who died in the bombing. The agreement entered into force in February 2021.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-03","wikipedia_revid":1377931280,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-02T00:49:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q612086","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2020-aden-airport-attack","title":"2020 Aden airport attack","date_start":"2020-12-30","km":4.2,"bearing":52}],"same_time":[{"id":"second-intifada","title":"Second Intifada","date_start":"2000-09-28"},{"id":"2001-israeli-prime-ministerial-election","title":"2001 Israeli prime ministerial election","date_start":"2001-02-06"}]}},"battle-of-raqqa-2017":{"extract":"The battle of Raqqa (2017), also known as the second battle of Raqqa, was the fifth and final phase of the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017) launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State (IS) with an aim to seize the city of Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIL since 2014. The battle began on 6 June 2017, and was supported by airstrikes and ground troops from the US-led coalition. The operation was named the \"Great Battle\" by the SDF. It concluded on 17 October 2017, with the SDF fully capturing the city of Raqqa.\n\nThe battle ran concurrently with the conclusion of the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017), which had started seven months earlier, as part of an effort by the CJTF–OIR and its allies to strip ISIL of its regional centers of power and to dismantle it as a state. It continued while Syrian Arab Army and allies began clearing ISIL across the Euphrates, reaching the point of the lifting of the Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017).\n\nLike other battles fought against ISIL, the battle for Raqqa was marked by intense urban combat, with fighting both on the surface level, and in tunnels below that ISIL militants moved through. One U.S. commander described it as some of the most intense urban fighting since the Second World War.\n\nOut of a pre-war population of 300,000 some 270,000 people were said to have fled Raqqa. Around 80% of the city was destroyed by the battle.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381721629,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T10:18:10Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)","wikidata_qid":"Q30140821","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q27761867","label":"Raqqa Campaign","id":"raqqa-campaign-2016-2017"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-raqqa-2013","title":"Battle of Raqqa (2013)","date_start":"2013-03-02","km":0,"bearing":0}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-kirkuk-2017","title":"Battle of Kirkuk (2017)","date_start":"2017-10-15"},{"id":"2017-kurdistan-region-independence-referendum","title":"2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum","date_start":"2017-09-25"},{"id":"2017-sinai-mosque-attack","title":"2017 Sinai mosque attack","date_start":"2017-11-24"},{"id":"battle-of-tal-afar-2017","title":"Battle of Tal Afar (2017)","date_start":"2017-09-02"},{"id":"united-states-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel","title":"United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel","date_start":"2017-12-06"}]}},"1959-israeli-legislative-election":{"extract":"Legislative elections were held in Israel on 3 November 1959 to elect the 120 members of the fourth Knesset. Mapai remained the dominant party, gaining seven seats. Following the elections, Mapai leader David Ben-Gurion formed ninth government on 17 December 1959. His coalition included the National Religious Party, Mapam, Ahdut HaAvoda, the Progressive Party and the three Israeli Arab parties, Progress and Development, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Agriculture and Development. The government had 16 ministers. Mapai's Kadish Luz became the Speaker of the Knesset.\n\nVoter turnout was 81.6%.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1375053307,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-15T15:42:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Israeli_legislative_election","wikidata_qid":"Q2916954","wikidata_classes":["Israeli legislative election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"2015-2018-iraqi-protests":{"extract":"As sequel to protests in 2011, 2012 and 2013, Iraqi citizens have also in 2015 up until 2018 often and massively protested against the corruption and incompetence in their government which according to analysts and protesters had led to long-running problems in electricity supplies, clean water availability, Iranian interference in Iraqi politics, high unemployment, and a stagnant economy.\n\nThe muhasasa quota agreements of 2003–2006 (distributing ministerial positions including budgets over 'ethnic and religious groups', thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity) were considered the root of most of those Iraqi problems.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1361024256,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-25T03:56:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932018_Iraqi_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q69783941","wikidata_classes":["demonstration"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States in its own voice, inside a parenthesis, that the muhasasa quota system was \"undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity\"; the defence of power-sharing is absent.","highlights":["thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"syria-missile-strikes-september-2018","title":"Syria missile strikes (September 2018)","date_start":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"ahvaz-military-parade-attack","title":"Ahvaz military parade attack","date_start":"2018-09-21"},{"id":"killing-of-jamal-khashoggi","title":"Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi","date_start":"2018-10-02"},{"id":"2018-turkish-general-election","title":"2018 Turkish general election","date_start":"2018-06-24"},{"id":"2018-turkish-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Turkish parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-06-24"}]}},"2020-israeli-legislative-election":{"extract":"Legislative elections were held in Israel on 2 March 2020 to elect members of the twenty-third Knesset. The result was initially a stalemate, which was resolved when Likud and Blue & White reached a coalition agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the premiership would rotate between Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz, with Gantz given the new position of Alternate Prime Minister until November 2021. These elections followed the continued political deadlock after the April and September 2019 Knesset elections.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380476269,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-15T23:08:52Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israeli_legislative_election","wikidata_qid":"Q77929387","wikidata_classes":["Israeli legislative election","snap election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q2439355","label":"elections in Israel"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"september-2019-israeli-legislative-election","title":"September 2019 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2019-09-17"}],"same_time":[{"id":"united-states-taliban-deal","title":"United States–Taliban deal","date_start":"2020-02-29"},{"id":"operation-spring-shield","title":"Operation Spring Shield","date_start":"2020-02-27"},{"id":"operation-martyr-soleimani","title":"Operation Martyr Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"ukraine-international-airlines-flight-752","title":"Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752","date_start":"2020-01-08"},{"id":"assassination-of-qasem-soleimani","title":"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-03"}]}}}