{"1953-iranian-coup-d-tat":{"extract":"On 19 August 1953, Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown in a coup d'état that strengthened the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. It was instigated by the United Kingdom (MI6), under the name Operation Boot and the United States (CIA), under the name TP-AJAX Project or Operation Ajax. A key motive was to protect British oil interests in Iran after Mosaddegh nationalized the country's oil industry.\n\nMosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), a British corporation (now part of BP), to verify that AIOC was paying the contracted royalties to Iran, and to limit their control over Iranian oil reserves. Upon the AIOC's refusal to cooperate with the Iranian government, the parliament (Majlis) voted to nationalize Iran's oil industry and to expel foreign corporate representatives from the country. After this vote, Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically. Initially, Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the British-built Abadan oil refinery, then the world's largest, but Prime Minister Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott while using agents to undermine Mosaddegh's government. Judging Mosaddegh to be unamenable and fearing the growing influence of the communist Tudeh, Attlee's succeeding UK prime minister Winston Churchill decided in early 1953 to solicit the Eisenhower administration and overthrow Iran's government. The preceding Truman administration had opposed a coup, fearing the precedent that Central Intelligence Agency involvement would set, and the U.S. government had been considering unilateral action (without UK support) to assist the Mosaddegh government as late as 1952. British intelligence and the UK government's solicitations to the US were instrumental in initiating and planning the coup. In the week before the coup, Mosaddegh consolidated power through a controversial referendum to dissolve parliament.\n\nThe events of the coup unfolded between 15 and 19 of August, after months of planning by the United States' CIA, and United Kingdom's MI6. On 15 August, an officer of the Imperial Guard of the Shah (Persian for 'king') was dispatched to Tehran to deliver the Shah's dismissal decree to Mosaddegh, a move that was legally questionable under the 1906–1907 Iranian Constitution. Upon arrival, the officer was arrested by Mosaddegh's supporters, and the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi fled to Italy shortly afterward. After the Shah left, a wave of protests organized by the CIA failed to overthrow Mosaddegh. Although the initial attempt failed, the CIA continued coordinating with royalist networks, clerical figures, and elements of the military. On 19 August, demonstrators and military units backed by the CIA gained control of key institutions in Tehran and seized the government, leading to Mosaddegh's overthrow on 19 August, allowing the Shah to return to Iran on 22 August.\n\nFollowing the coup, a government under General Fazlollah Zahedi, who led the military units in support of the coup, was formed, which allowed the Shah of Iran , to rule more firmly as monarch. After his return to Iran, he relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power. According to the CIA's declassified documents and records, some of the most feared mobsters in Tehran were hired by the CIA to stage pro-shah riots on 19 August. Other men paid by the CIA were brought into Tehran in buses and trucks and took over the streets of the city. Between 200 and 300 people were killed because of the conflict. Mosaddegh was arrested, tried and convicted of treason by the Shah's military court. On 21 December 1953, he was sentenced to three years in jail, then placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life. Other Mosaddegh supporters were imprisoned, and several received the death penalty. The coup strengthened the Shah's authority, and he continued to rule Iran for the next 26 years as an authoritarian, pro-Western monarch, until he was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979.\n\nIn August 2013, the U.S. government formally acknowledged the U.S. role in the coup by releasing a bulk of previously classified government documents that show it was in charge of both the planning and the execution of the coup. According to American journalist Stephen Kinzer, the operation included false flag attacks, paid protesters, provocations, the bribing of Iranian politicians and high-ranking security and army officials, as well as pro-coup propaganda. The CIA is quoted as acknowledging the coup was carried out \"under CIA direction\" and \"as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government\". In 2023, the CIA took credit for the coup, this confirmed what many historians had already concluded before, though because portions of the agency's records were destroyed, or remained classified for years, some historians had initially argued, on the basis of incomplete evidence, that Iranian domestic actors played the primary role in the coup, with the U.S. and Britain serving mainly in a supporting capacity.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1378458295,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-04T16:24:41Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F14","anchor":"f14---eleven-seed-dates-the-article-states-to-the-day-day-precision-recorded-date-unchanged"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat","wikidata_qid":"Q593774","wikidata_classes":["coup d'état"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Iran","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Settles the historians' debate about the role of Iranian domestic actors in Wikipedia's own voice: the CIA's statement \"confirmed\" one view, and the other is described as argued \"on the basis of incomplete evidence\".","highlights":["this confirmed what many historians had already concluded before","on the basis of incomplete evidence"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"EDITORIAL","guideline_name":"Editorializing","shortcut":"MOS:EDITORIAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Editorializing","phrase":"on the basis of incomplete evidence","note":"Adds an argument against one historiographical view in Wikipedia's own voice rather than attributing the assessment."}],"highlights":["on the basis of incomplete evidence"]},"highlights":[{"text":"this confirmed what many historians had already concluded before","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"on the basis of incomplete evidence","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"on the basis of incomplete evidence","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q304454","label":"Abadan Crisis"},{"qid":"Q8683","label":"Cold War"},{"qid":"Q61671409","label":"United States involvement in regime change"},{"qid":"Q5179296","label":"Covert United States foreign regime change actions"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-1952","title":"Egyptian revolution of 1952","date_start":"1952-07-23"},{"id":"suez-crisis","title":"Suez Crisis","date_start":"1956-10-29"},{"id":"march-1949-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"March 1949 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1949-03-29"},{"id":"iran-crisis-of-1946","title":"Iran crisis of 1946","date_start":"1946-01-01"},{"id":"aden-emergency","title":"Aden Emergency","date_start":"1963-10-14"}],"same_time":[{"id":"qibya-massacre","title":"Qibya massacre","date_start":"1953-10-15"},{"id":"balkan-pact-1953","title":"Balkan Pact (1953)","date_start":"1953-02-28"}]}},"yom-kippur-war":{"extract":"The Yom Kippur War, also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, the fourth Arab–Israeli War, the October War, or the Ramadan War (6–25 October 1973), was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. Most of the fighting occurred in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, territories occupied by Israel in 1967. Some combat also took place in mainland Egypt and northern Israel.\n\nThe war started on 6 October 1973, when the Arab coalition launched a surprise attack across their respective frontiers during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, which coincided with the 10th day of Ramadan. The United States and Soviet Union engaged in massive resupply efforts for their allies (Israel and the Arab states, respectively), which heightened tensions between the two superpowers.\n\nEgyptian and Syrian forces crossed their respective ceasefire lines with Israel, advancing into the Sinai and the Golan Heights. Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal in Operation Badr, establishing positions, while Syrian forces gained territory in the Golan Heights. After three days, Israel halted the Egyptian advance and pushed most of the Syrians back to the Purple Line. Israel then launched a counteroffensive into Syria, shelling the outskirts of Damascus. The Egyptian forces continued the advance into Sinai on 14 October to relieve the Syrian front which was coming under increasing pressure.\n\nIsraeli forces exploited the failed Egyptian advance to breach the Suez Canal, advancing north toward Ismailia and south toward Suez to sever the Egyptian Second and Third Armies, with some units pushing west. However, their advance met fierce resistance on all fronts. Both sides accepted a UN-brokered ceasefire on 22 October, though it collapsed the day after amid mutual accusations of violations. With the renewed fighting, Israel succeeded in advancing south, materializing the threat to the Third Army's supply lines, but failed to capture Suez. A second ceasefire on 25 October officially ended the conflict.\n\nThe Yom Kippur War had significant consequences. The Arab world, humiliated by the 1967 defeat, felt psychologically vindicated by its early and late successes in 1973. Meanwhile, Israel, despite battlefield achievements, recognized that future military dominance was uncertain. These shifts contributed to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, leading to the 1978 Camp David Accords, when Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the first time an Arab country recognized Israel. Egypt drifted away from the Soviet Union, eventually leaving the Eastern Bloc.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375181066,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-16T07:38:51Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War","wikidata_qid":"Q49100","wikidata_classes":["war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q3491398","label":"Arab–Israeli Wars"}],"includes":[{"id":"battle-of-the-chinese-farm","title":"Battle of the Chinese Farm","date_start":"1973-01-01"},{"id":"operation-badr-1973","title":"Operation Badr (1973)","date_start":"1973-01-01"},{"id":"ofira-air-battle","title":"Ofira Air Battle","date_start":"1973-10-06"},{"id":"battle-of-latakia","title":"Battle of Latakia","date_start":"1973-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-baltim","title":"Battle of Baltim","date_start":"1973-10-09"},{"id":"valley-of-tears","title":"Valley of Tears","date_start":"1973-10-09"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"1973-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1973 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1973-12-31"}]}},"abraham-accords":{"extract":"The Abraham Accords are a set of agreements that established diplomatic normalization between Israel and several Arab states, beginning with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain. Announced in August and September 2020 and signed in Washington, D.C. on September 15, 2020, the Accords were mediated by the United States under President Donald Trump.\n\nThe UAE and Bahrain became the first two Gulf Arab countries (Arabic: دول الخليج العربية, duwal al-khalīj al-ʿarabiyyah; Khaleeji) to formally recognize Israel. The signing by the UAE and Bahrain also made them the first Arab League states to recognize Israel since Mauritania in 1995 and Jordan in 1994. In 1979, Egypt was the first Arab League state to recognize Israel.\n\nIn the months following the Accords, Sudan and Morocco also agreed to normalize relations with Israel. As of 2024, Sudan's agreement remains unratified. In July 2025, it was reported that the second Trump administration was seeking to expand the Accords to include Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia, and in November, it was announced that Kazakhstan agreed to join. In December 2025, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expanded the Accords on his own initiative after Israel recognized Somaliland as an independent country, with Somaliland pledging to join the accords.\n\nThe Accords emerged amid growing unofficial cooperation between Israel and Sunni Arab states throughout the 2010s, driven by shared concerns about Iran. Efforts to build ties had become increasingly public by 2018, with visits by Israeli officials to Gulf states and the start of limited military and intelligence cooperation. In mid-2020, a normalization deal between Israel and the UAE was brokered in exchange for the suspension of Israeli plans to annex parts of the West Bank, as proposed in the Trump peace plan.\n\nThe agreements formalized economic, diplomatic, and security cooperation. In Morocco's case, normalization came with U.S. recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. For Sudan, it included removal from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism and access to international financial support. The Accords were presented in elaborate ceremonies and widely promoted by the Trump administration as a major diplomatic achievement.\n\nReactions in the Arab world were mixed. While governments expressed support, public opinion in many countries remained opposed, particularly due to the Accords' lack of progress on resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Despite this, the Accords led to new initiatives in trade, defense, energy, technology, and cultural exchange. The name \"Abraham Accords\" was chosen to reflect the shared heritage of the Abrahamic religions—Christianity, Islam and Judaism.\n\nIn May 2026 president Trump suggested that some of Israel's neighbors should be required to sign the Abraham Accords and recognize Israel as part of a peace deal in the war with Iran.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376864831,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-26T17:49:41Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F14","anchor":"f14---eleven-seed-dates-the-article-states-to-the-day-day-precision-recorded-date-unchanged"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords","wikidata_qid":"Q99495661","wikidata_classes":["contract"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783126","label":"Arab-Israeli peace projects"}],"includes":[{"id":"bahrain-israel-normalization-agreement","title":"Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement","date_start":"2020-09-15"},{"id":"israel-united-arab-emirates-normalization-agreement","title":"Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement","date_start":"2020-09-15"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"israel-jordan-peace-treaty","title":"Israel–Jordan peace treaty","date_start":"1994-10-26"},{"id":"may-17-agreement","title":"May 17 Agreement","date_start":"1983-05-17"},{"id":"egypt-israel-peace-treaty","title":"Egypt–Israel peace treaty","date_start":"1979-03-26"},{"id":"camp-david-accords","title":"Camp David Accords","date_start":"1978-09-17"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2020-iranian-legislative-election","title":"2020 Iranian legislative election","date_start":"2020-09-11"},{"id":"2020-beirut-explosion","title":"2020 Beirut explosion","date_start":"2020-08-04"},{"id":"2020-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2020 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2020-07-19"},{"id":"2020-g20-riyadh-summit","title":"2020 G20 Riyadh summit","date_start":"2020-11-21"},{"id":"2020-aden-airport-attack","title":"2020 Aden airport attack","date_start":"2020-12-30"}]}},"kfar-etzion-massacre":{"extract":"The Kfar Etzion massacre refers to a massacre of Jews that took place after a two-day battle in which Jewish Kibbutz residents and Haganah militia defended Kfar Etzion from a combined force of the Arab Legion and local Arab men on May 13, 1948, the day before the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Of the 127 Haganah fighters and Jewish kibbutzniks who died during the defence of the settlement, Martin Gilbert states that fifteen were killed on surrendering.\n\nControversy surrounds the responsibility and role of the Arab Legion in the killing of those who surrendered. The official Israeli version maintains that the kibbutz residents and Haganah soldiers were massacred by local Arabs and the Arab Legion of the Jordanian Army as they were surrendering. The Arab Legion version maintains that the Legion arrived too late to prevent the kibbutz attack by men from nearby Arab villages, which was allegedly motivated by a desire to avenge the massacre of Deir Yassin and the destruction of one of their villages several months earlier. The surrendering Jewish residents and fighters are said to have been assembled in a courtyard, only to be suddenly fired upon; it is said that many died on the spot, while most of those who managed to flee were hunted down and killed.\n\nFour prisoners survived the massacre and were transferred to Transjordan. Immediately following the surrender on May 13, the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. The members of the three other kibbutzim of the Gush Etzion -- Massu'ot Yitzhak (established in 1945), Ein Tzurim (1946) and Revadim (1947) -- surrendered the next day and were taken as POWs to Jordan.\n\nThe bodies of the victims were left unburied until, one and a half years later, the Jordanian government allowed Shlomo Goren to collect the remains, which were then interred at Mount Herzl. The survivors of the Etzion Bloc were housed in former Arab houses in Jaffa.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368442104,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-09T01:56:26Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q2027138","wikidata_classes":["massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12","km":0.9,"bearing":46},{"id":"israeli-declaration-of-independence","title":"Israeli Declaration of Independence","date_start":"1948-05-14","km":3.9,"bearing":133},{"id":"siege-of-the-church-of-the-nativity","title":"Siege of the Church of the Nativity","date_start":"2002-04-02","km":10.7,"bearing":55},{"id":"1929-hebron-massacre","title":"1929 Hebron massacre","date_start":"1929-08-24","km":13.5,"bearing":187},{"id":"cave-of-the-patriarchs-massacre","title":"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre","date_start":"1994-02-25","km":13.9,"bearing":181}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-israeli-conflict","title":"Arab–Israeli conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"gaza-israel-conflict","title":"Gaza–Israel conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"},{"id":"operation-pleshet","title":"Operation Pleshet","date_start":"1948-05-29"},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1948","title":"Battle of Haifa (1948)","date_start":"1948-04-21"}]}},"assassination-of-anwar-sadat":{"extract":"On 6 October 1981, Anwar Sadat, the 3rd president of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate the victory over Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Although the motive has been debated, Sadat's assassination likely stemmed from communist, socialist, and Islamist groups opposed to Sadat's peace initiative with Israel and the United States relating to the Camp David Accords.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1381170732,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-20T12:38:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat","wikidata_qid":"Q2756743","wikidata_classes":["mass shooting","political murder","assassination"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Names Egyptian Islamic Jihad as the assassins but attributes the motive to \"communist, socialist, and Islamist groups\", which is confusing and unsupported.","highlights":["communist, socialist, and Islamist groups"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"communist, socialist, and Islamist groups","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"botroseya-church-bombing","title":"Botroseya Church bombing","date_start":"2016-12-11","km":3.9,"bearing":283},{"id":"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing","title":"2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing","date_start":"2009-02-22","km":7.1,"bearing":241},{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14","km":7.9,"bearing":254},{"id":"mcmahon-hussein-correspondence","title":"McMahon–Hussein correspondence","date_start":"1915-07-14","km":7.9,"bearing":254},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25","km":7.9,"bearing":254}],"same_time":[{"id":"october-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"October 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-10-02"},{"id":"operation-tariq-al-quds","title":"Operation Tariq al-Quds","date_start":"1981-12-07"},{"id":"july-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"July 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-07-24"},{"id":"1981-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1981 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1981-06-30"},{"id":"haft-e-tir-bombing","title":"Haft-e Tir bombing","date_start":"1981-06-28"}]}},"july-2023-jenin-incursion":{"extract":"On 3 July 2023, the Israeli military conducted a major assault on the Jenin refugee camp in the West Bank. The Israeli government stated that the goal of the operation, named Operation Home and Garden, was to target militants within the camp.\n\nThe attack began in the early hours of 3 July and resulted in the deaths of at least 12 Palestinians, including at least 9 militants, and injuries to 100 others. The military emphasized that the operation is \"one in a series\", limited to the refugee camp area in Jenin. Up to 500 Palestinian families had to leave their homes due to the Israeli assault.\n\nThe assault was the largest incursion and deployment of aerial force against militants in the West Bank in 20 years, since fighting during the Second Intifada. Israeli military and political echelons expressed differing views about the scale and intent of the operation.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370625180,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T04:05:52Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F8","anchor":"f8---four-more-month-precision-start-dates-pinned-to-the-1st-same-cause-as-f7"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2023_Jenin_incursion","wikidata_qid":"Q120201630","wikidata_classes":["military operation","military raid","airstrike","counter-terrorist operation","intervention"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q151622","label":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2022-al-aqsa-clashes","title":"2022 Al-Aqsa clashes","date_start":"2022-04-15"},{"id":"2021-israel-palestine-crisis","title":"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis","date_start":"2021-05-06"},{"id":"second-intifada","title":"Second Intifada","date_start":"2000-09-28"},{"id":"cave-of-the-patriarchs-massacre","title":"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre","date_start":"1994-02-25"},{"id":"first-intifada","title":"First Intifada","date_start":"1987-12-08"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-jenin-2002","title":"Battle of Jenin (2002)","date_start":"2002-01-01","km":1.2,"bearing":94},{"id":"battle-of-megiddo-1918","title":"Battle of Megiddo (1918)","date_start":"1918-01-01","km":38.7,"bearing":260},{"id":"balad-al-shaykh-massacre","title":"Balad al-Shaykh massacre","date_start":"1947-12-31","km":41.6,"bearing":326},{"id":"haifa-oil-refinery-massacre","title":"Haifa Oil Refinery massacre","date_start":"1947-12-30","km":43.1,"bearing":329},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30","km":43.2,"bearing":14}],"same_time":[{"id":"2023-turkish-general-election","title":"2023 Turkish general election","date_start":"2023-05-14"},{"id":"2023-turkish-parliamentary-election","title":"2023 Turkish parliamentary election","date_start":"2023-05-14"},{"id":"2023-turkish-presidential-election","title":"2023 Turkish presidential election","date_start":"2023-05-14"},{"id":"2023-israel-palestine-tensions","title":"2023 Israel–Palestine tensions","date_start":"2023-04-05"},{"id":"2023-homs-drone-strike","title":"2023 Homs drone strike","date_start":"2023-10-05"}]}},"british-airways-flight-149":{"extract":"British Airways Flight 149 was a scheduled flight from Heathrow Airport to Subang International Airport via Kuwait International Airport and Madras International Airport, operated by British Airways using a Boeing 747-100.\n\nBefore the aircraft landed at Kuwait International Airport on 2 August 1990, Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Kuwait during the early hours of that morning. Following the aircraft's arrival, the flight was never resumed due to the invasion. Within hours, the Iraqi Army advanced as far as Kuwait City and took control of the airport, where they captured the aircraft and its occupants. The majority of the passengers and crew were initially detained at several nearby hotels along with other foreigners under armed guard. The airliner was later destroyed on the ground; the identity of those responsible for its destruction remains unknown.\n\nDuring their detention, passengers alleged that they were subjected to abuse and witnessed atrocities performed by Iraqi forces. To secure their release, former British Prime Minister Edward Heath travelled to Baghdad to lead negotiations, which included direct talks between Heath and Saddam Hussein. One passenger, a Kuwaiti citizen, was listed as having been killed by Iraqi troops while all remaining passengers were released from their captivity following the conclusion of the conflict. Many of the detainees developed post-traumatic stress disorder after being released.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1363509706,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-10T17:17:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_149","wikidata_qid":"Q3296462","wikidata_classes":["hostage taking","aviation incident"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":"Shown as \"terrorism\" because Wikidata types it as a hostage taking; the airliner and its passengers were seized by Iraqi forces during the invasion of Kuwait.","data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-dasman-palace","title":"Battle of Dasman Palace","date_start":"1990-08-02"},{"id":"gulf-war","title":"Gulf War","date_start":"1990-08-02"},{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"},{"id":"battle-of-khafji","title":"Battle of Khafji","date_start":"1991-01-29"}]}},"operation-provide-comfort":{"extract":"Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States and other Coalition nations of the Persian Gulf War, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurdish refugees fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War, and to deliver humanitarian aid to them. The no-fly zone instituted to help bring this about would become one of the main factors allowing the development of the autonomous Kurdistan Region.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374935025,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-14T22:57:31Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort","wikidata_qid":"Q2281470","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q899657","label":"Iraqi no-fly zones conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-southern-watch","title":"Operation Southern Watch","date_start":"1992-08-27"},{"id":"1996-cruise-missile-strikes-on-iraq","title":"1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq","date_start":"1996-01-01"},{"id":"1998-bombing-of-iraq","title":"1998 bombing of Iraq","date_start":"1998-01-01"}]}},"1998-bombing-of-iraq":{"extract":"The 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major bombing campaign against Iraqi targets, from 16 to 19 December 1998, by the United States and the United Kingdom. On 16 December 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton announced that he had ordered strikes against Iraq. The strikes were launched due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions and its interference with United Nations inspectors that were searching for potential weapons of mass destruction. The inspectors had been sent to Iraq beginning in 1991 and were repeatedly refused access to certain sites.\n\nThe operation was a major flare-up in the Iraq disarmament crisis as it involved a direct attack on Iraq. The aim of the bombing was to disable military and security targets which may have enabled Iraq to produce, store, maintain, and deliver weapons of mass destruction. The bombing campaign had been anticipated earlier in the year and faced criticism both in the U.S. and from members of the international community. Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates initially announced they would deny the U.S. military the use of local bases for the purpose of air strikes against Iraq.\n\nThe bombing was criticized by Clinton's detractors, who accused him of using the bombing to direct attention away from the ongoing impeachment proceedings he was facing.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1371844510,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-28T20:47:44Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq","wikidata_qid":"Q1327861","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q899657","label":"Iraqi no-fly zones conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1996-cruise-missile-strikes-on-iraq","title":"1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq","date_start":"1996-01-01"},{"id":"operation-southern-watch","title":"Operation Southern Watch","date_start":"1992-08-27"},{"id":"operation-provide-comfort","title":"Operation Provide Comfort","date_start":"1991-03-01"}]}},"march-2025-israeli-attacks-on-the-gaza-strip":{"extract":"In the early hours of 18 March 2025, Israel launched a surprise attack on the Gaza Strip, effectively ending the January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire. Israel's missile and artillery attack killed more than 400 Palestinians, including 263 women and children according to the Gaza Health Ministry, making it one of the deadliest in the Gaza war. Codenamed Operation Might and Sword (Hebrew: מבצע עוז וחרב, Mivtza Oz VaḤerev) by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), it was carried out in coordination with the United States. The next day, the Israeli military announced that it was conducting a ground offensive to retake the Netzarim Corridor, from which it had withdrawn in February.\n\nOn 17 January, Israel and Hamas agreed to a 42-day ceasefire. Under the agreement, all Israeli hostages would be released by the end of the second phase and the Gaza war would permanently end. After the first phase ended on 1 March, Hamas intended to move to the second phase of negotiations – as envisioned in the original ceasefire deal – while Benjamin Netanyahu and the Trump administration insisted on renegotiating the overall terms. Israel also refused to withdraw from sites in the Gaza Strip, despite the fact that it had agreed to do so in the ceasefire agreement. Furthermore, Israel killed more than 140 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the ceasefire, and prevented all food and medicine from entering Gaza from March; it later shut off electricity to the Gaza Strip's main desalination plant, effectively cutting off water. These actions have been deemed war crimes by aid organizations and human rights organizations, including Médecins Sans Frontières and Amnesty International.\n\nThe Israeli military's renewed offensive from 18 March affected large parts of the Gaza Strip, including Gaza City, Khan Yunis, and Rafah, and killed more than 591 people, mostly women and children. The airstrikes struck homes and set at least one tent camp on fire. Hospitals were overwhelmed by dead and wounded. Israel's government stated that the strikes targeted leadership figures, mid-ranking military commanders, and the operational infrastructure of Hamas, such as Issam al-Da'alis. This has been disputed by experts such as Miranda Cleland of Defence for Children International and Spanish foreign minister José Manuel Albares, who believe Israel \"indiscriminately attacked\" the Gaza Strip. Several Palestinian families were killed en masse as a result of the attacks.\n\nHamas condemned the strikes as a violation of the ceasefire, accusing Israel of endangering the remaining Israeli hostages. It began responding militarily to the Israeli strikes on 20 March, when it fired rockets at Tel Aviv. The Israeli government said it carried out the attack in response to Hamas' refusal to extend a ceasefire through additional hostage releases. Hamas had agreed to the second phase of the original ceasefire agreement, under which Israeli hostages would have been released in exchange for a permanent end to the Gaza war. The Israeli government did not consider its attack to be a breach of the ceasefire agreement, arguing that there was \"no automaticity\" between the phases. The escalation drew large-scale international attention, with the United Nations Security Council convening an emergency session to address the crisis.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368284748,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T04:25:05Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2025_Israeli_attacks_on_the_Gaza_Strip","wikidata_qid":"Q133309815","wikidata_classes":["military operation","bombardment","genocide"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States Israel's position, but frames the entry around Israeli ceasefire breaches and argues who broke the ceasefire rather than describing the dispute.","highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"EDITORIAL","guideline_name":"Editorializing","shortcut":"MOS:EDITORIAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Editorializing","phrase":"despite the fact that it had agreed to do so in the ceasefire agreement","note":"\"Despite the fact that\" settles a dispute the summary itself reports (Israel argued there was \"no automaticity\" between the phases)."}],"highlights":["despite the fact that it had agreed to do so in the ceasefire agreement"]},"highlights":[{"text":"despite the fact that it had agreed to do so in the ceasefire agreement","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"},{"qid":"Q124086054","label":"Gaza genocide","id":"gaza-genocide"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"march-may-2025-united-states-attacks-in-yemen","title":"March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen","date_start":"2025-03-15"},{"id":"rafah-paramedic-massacre","title":"Rafah paramedic massacre","date_start":"2025-03-23"},{"id":"may-2025-gaza-offensive","title":"May 2025 Gaza offensive","date_start":"2025-05-17"},{"id":"january-2025-gaza-war-ceasefire","title":"January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire","date_start":"2025-01-15"},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2025-2026-turkish-protests","title":"2025–2026 Turkish protests","date_start":"2025-03-19"},{"id":"2025-massacres-of-syrian-alawites","title":"2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites","date_start":"2025-03-06"},{"id":"2025-gaza-strip-aid-distribution-killings","title":"2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings","date_start":"2025-05-27"},{"id":"twelve-day-war","title":"Twelve-Day War","date_start":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"2025-united-states-strikes-on-iranian-nuclear-sites","title":"2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites","date_start":"2025-06-22"}]}},"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i":{"extract":"The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 30 October 1914 and 30 October 1918. The combatants were, on one side, the Ottoman Empire (with the help of a great number of Kurdish tribes and Circassians, and the relative majority of Arabs), with some assistance from the other Central Powers; and on the other side, the British (with the help of a small number of Jews, Greeks, Armenians, some Kurdish tribes and Arab states, along with Hindu, Sikh and Muslim colonial troops from India) as well as troops from the British Dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, the Russians (with the help of Armenians, Assyrians, and occasionally some Kurdish tribes), and the French (with its North African and West African Muslim, Christian and other colonial troops) from among the Allied Powers. There were four main campaigns: the Sinai and Palestine, Mesopotamian, Caucasus, and Gallipoli campaigns. There were four more minor campaigns in Persia, South Arabia, the Arabian interior, and Libya.\n\nBoth sides used local asymmetrical forces in the region. On the Allied side were Arabs who participated in the Arab Revolt and the Armenian militia who participated in the Armenian resistance supported by Russia during the War; along with Armenian volunteer units, the Armenian militia formed the Armenian Corps of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918. In addition, the Assyrians joined the Allies and saw action in Southeastern Turkey, northern Ottoman Iraq, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria following the Assyrian genocide, instigating the Assyrian war of independence. The theatre covered the largest territory of all theatres in the war.\n\nRussian participation in the theatre ended as a result of the Armistice of Erzincan (5 December 1917), after which the revolutionary Russian government withdrew from the war under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918). The Armenians attended the Trebizond Peace Conference (14 March 1918) which resulted in the Treaty of Batum on 4 June 1918. The Ottomans accepted the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on 30 October 1918, and signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920 and later the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381474065,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-22T19:24:56Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I","wikidata_qid":"Q1765465","wikidata_classes":["theater of war","war front","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"includes":[{"id":"caucasus-campaign","title":"Caucasus campaign","date_start":"1914-10-29"},{"id":"mesopotamian-campaign","title":"Mesopotamian campaign","date_start":"1914-11-06"},{"id":"sinai-and-palestine-campaign","title":"Sinai and Palestine campaign","date_start":"1915-01-28"},{"id":"gallipoli-campaign","title":"Gallipoli campaign","date_start":"1915-02-19"},{"id":"arab-revolt","title":"Arab Revolt","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03"},{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26"},{"id":"stalemate-in-southern-palestine","title":"Stalemate in Southern Palestine","date_start":"1917-04-01"},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17"},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01"},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1918","title":"Battle of Haifa (1918)","date_start":"1918-09-23"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-sarikamish","title":"Battle of Sarikamish","date_start":"1914-12-22"},{"id":"raid-on-the-suez-canal","title":"Raid on the Suez Canal","date_start":"1915-01-26"},{"id":"landing-at-anzac-cove","title":"Landing at Anzac Cove","date_start":"1915-04-25"},{"id":"battle-of-bitlis","title":"Battle of Bitlis","date_start":"1915-07-01"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"}],"same_time":[{"id":"ottoman-entry-into-world-war-i","title":"Ottoman entry into World War I","date_start":"1914-10-29"},{"id":"fao-landing","title":"Fao Landing","date_start":"1914-11-06"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-1914","title":"Battle of Basra (1914)","date_start":"1914-11-11"},{"id":"battle-of-qurna","title":"Battle of Qurna","date_start":"1914-12-03"},{"id":"battle-of-ardahan","title":"Battle of Ardahan","date_start":"1914-12-25"}]}},"2014-iraqi-parliamentary-election":{"extract":"Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 30 April 2014. The elections decided the 328 members of the Council of Representatives who will in turn elect the Iraqi president and prime minister.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1345272405,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-03-25T07:54:22Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Iraqi_parliamentary_election","wikidata_qid":"Q15743062","wikidata_classes":["Iraqi parliamentary election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2014-egyptian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Egyptian presidential election","date_start":"2014-05-28"},{"id":"2014-turkish-local-elections","title":"2014 Turkish local elections","date_start":"2014-03-30"},{"id":"2014-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-03"},{"id":"fall-of-mosul","title":"Fall of Mosul","date_start":"2014-06-04"},{"id":"2014-israeli-presidential-election","title":"2014 Israeli presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-10"}]}},"2014-israeli-presidential-election":{"extract":"Indirect presidential elections were held in Israel on 10 June 2014. The result was a victory for Reuven Rivlin of the Likud party. Rivlin was sworn in as President of Israel on 24 July.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1371445636,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-26T13:49:03Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israeli_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q15630907","wikidata_classes":["Israeli presidential election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"camp-speicher-massacre","title":"Camp Speicher massacre","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"war-against-the-islamic-state","title":"War against the Islamic State","date_start":"2014-06-13"},{"id":"fall-of-mosul","title":"Fall of Mosul","date_start":"2014-06-04"},{"id":"2014-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-03"}]}},"2024-iranian-presidential-election":{"extract":"Early presidential elections in Iran were held on 28 June and 5 July 2024 following the death of incumbent president Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash on 19 May.\n\nFour candidates contested the first round of the election, in which Masoud Pezeshkian won 44%, Saeed Jalili won 40%, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf won 14% and Mostafa Pourmohammadi won less than 1% of the vote. Pezeshkian was the only reformist candidate on the ballot. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a run off vote was held on 5 July between Jalili and Pezeshkian, which the latter won with 53.7% of the vote. On 6 July 2024, the Ministry of Interior declared Pezeshkian the winner of the election, with Jalili conceding defeat shortly thereafter.\n\nWith a 39.93% turnout, the first round of the election saw the lowest participation for a presidential election in the Islamic Republic's history. The turnout improved in the second round to 49.68%. Pezeshkian was seated as president after the ballot certification process was completed. His inauguration was held on 28 July.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1379017010,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T11:41:37Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q111588743","wikidata_classes":["Iranian presidential election","presidential election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2024-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2024 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2024-07-15"},{"id":"july-2024-houthi-israel-attacks","title":"July 2024 Houthi–Israel attacks","date_start":"2024-07-20"},{"id":"majdal-shams-attack","title":"Majdal Shams attack","date_start":"2024-07-27"},{"id":"assassination-of-ismail-haniyeh","title":"Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh","date_start":"2024-07-31"},{"id":"nuseirat-rescue-and-massacre","title":"Nuseirat rescue and massacre","date_start":"2024-06-08"}]}}}