{"balfour-declaration":{"extract":"The Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) was a public statement issued by the British Government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a \"national home for the Jewish people\" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small Jewish minority among an overwhelming Arab majority, mostly Muslim but also including Christians. The declaration was contained in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. The text of the declaration was published in the press on 9 November 1917.\n\nFollowing Britain's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914, it had begun to consider the future of Palestine. Within two months a memorandum was circulated to the War Cabinet by a Zionist member, Herbert Samuel, proposing support of Zionist ambitions in order to gain the support of Jews in the current war. A committee was established in April 1915 by British prime minister H. H. Asquith to determine policy towards the Ottoman Empire including Palestine.\n\nAsquith, who had favoured post-war reform of the Ottoman Empire, resigned in December 1916; his replacement David Lloyd George favoured partition of the Empire. The first negotiations between the British and the Zionists took place at a conference on 7 February 1917 that included Sir Mark Sykes and the Zionist leadership. Subsequent discussions led to Balfour's request, on 19 June, that Rothschild and Chaim Weizmann draft a public declaration. Further drafts were discussed by the British Cabinet during September and October, with input from Zionist and anti-Zionist Jews but with no representation from the large local Arab population in Palestine.\n\nBy late 1917, the wider war had reached a stalemate, with two of Britain's allies not fully engaged: the United States had yet to suffer a casualty, and the Russians were in the midst of a revolution. A stalemate in southern Palestine was broken by the Battle of Beersheba on 31 October 1917. The release of the final declaration was authorised on 31 October; the preceding Cabinet discussion had referred to perceived propaganda benefits amongst the worldwide Jewish community for the Allied war effort.\n\nThe opening words of the declaration represented the first public expression of support for Zionism by a major political power. The term \"national home\" had no precedent in international law, and was intentionally vague as to whether a Jewish state was contemplated. The intended boundaries of Palestine were not specified. The British government later confirmed that the words \"in Palestine\" meant that the Jewish national home was not intended to cover all of Palestine. The second half of the declaration was added to satisfy opponents of the policy, who had claimed that it would otherwise prejudice the position of the local population of Palestine and encourage antisemitism worldwide by \"stamping the Jews as strangers in their native lands\". The declaration called for safeguarding the civil and religious rights for the Palestinian Arabs, who composed the vast majority of the local population, and also the rights and political status of the Jewish communities in countries outside of Palestine.\n\nThe British government acknowledged in 1939 that the local population's wishes and interests should have been taken into account. In 2018 it recognised that the declaration should have called for the protection of the Palestinian Arabs' political rights.\n\nThe declaration greatly increased popular support for Zionism within Jewish communities worldwide. It became a core component of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founding document of Mandatory Palestine. It indirectly led to the emergence of the State of Israel. It is considered to be a principal cause of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict – often described as the most intractable in the world. Controversy remains over numerous issues, such as whether the declaration contradicted earlier promises the British had made to the Sharif of Mecca in the McMahon–Hussein correspondence.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381013767,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T12:55:58Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration","wikidata_qid":"Q187152","wikidata_classes":["public statement","document"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01"},{"id":"battle-of-beersheba-1917","title":"Battle of Beersheba (1917)","date_start":"1917-10-31"},{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17"},{"id":"armistice-of-erzincan","title":"Armistice of Erzincan","date_start":"1917-12-18"},{"id":"battle-of-imbros","title":"Battle of Imbros","date_start":"1918-01-20"}]}},"battle-of-khorramshahr-1980":{"extract":"The First Battle of Khorramshahr was a major battle in the Iran–Iraq War, beginning shortly after the Iraqi invasion of Iran in September 1980. Amidst the gruelling urban warfare in and around the city, Khorramshahr came to be referred to by the Iranians as Khuninshahr (Persian: خونین شهر, lit. 'City of Blood'), as both sides had suffered heavy casualties in combat. It was the single largest urban battle of the Iran–Iraq war.\n\nThough Iraq ultimately captured the city, it had come at a high cost; the offensive into Khorramshahr, which took 34 days, drew an immense investment of troops, far beyond what Iraqi war plans had envisaged. The incredible delay allowed Iran to stabilize the frontlines at Dezful, Ahvaz, and Susangerd, consequently enabling the relatively swift mobilization of Iranian reinforcements into oil-rich Khuzestan, which Iraq had sought to annex. At the time of the Iraqi offensive, Khorramshahr was mainly being defended by the heavily outnumbered Takavaran, some units of the 92nd Armoured Division, the Pasdaran, and local civilian militias.\n\nAfter two years under Iraqi occupation, the city was recaptured by Iran in the Second Battle of Khorramshahr, as part of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas. Iraq's loss of Khorramshahr coincided with a larger Iranian offensive that would mark a turning point in the conflict, as Iran regained nearly all Iraqi-occupied territory and subsequently decided to continue the war with a counterinvasion.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370267021,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-20T03:13:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr_(1980)","wikidata_qid":"Q1132313","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q82664","label":"Iran–Iraq War","id":"iran-iraq-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-kaman-99","title":"Operation Kaman 99","date_start":"1980-09-23"},{"id":"siege-of-abadan","title":"Siege of Abadan","date_start":"1980-11-06"},{"id":"operation-morvarid","title":"Operation Morvarid","date_start":"1980-11-29"},{"id":"operation-nasr","title":"Operation Nasr","date_start":"1981-01-01"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1982","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)","date_start":"1982-04-24","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"cinema-rex-fire","title":"Cinema Rex fire","date_start":"1978-08-19","km":14.9,"bearing":138},{"id":"battle-of-basra-1914","title":"Battle of Basra (1914)","date_start":"1914-11-11","km":15.6,"bearing":263}],"same_time":[{"id":"1980-turkish-coup-d-etat","title":"1980 Turkish coup d'état","date_start":"1980-09-12"},{"id":"operation-eagle-claw","title":"Operation Eagle Claw","date_start":"1980-04-24"}]}},"operation-nasr":{"extract":"Operation Nasr, also known as Operation Hoveyzeh, was a major battle in the Iran–Iraq War fought in early January 1981. It was the biggest tank battle of the war.\n\nThree Iranian armored regiments advanced towards Iraqi forces that had invaded Iranian territory between the cities of Ahvaz, Susangerd and Dezful. The Iraqi forces were alerted to this movement and feigned a withdrawal. The Iraqis formed three armored brigades into a three-sided box ambush. The Iranians blundered into the ambush and the two tank forces battled for four days in a sea of mud. The Iranians withdrew, leaving many destroyed and disabled tanks stuck in the mud, or, because of logistical misplanning, had run out of fuel and ammunition. The condition of the terrain prevented a clean break from the battle and did not allow the Iraqi forces to pursue what was left of the Iranians en force.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370693949,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T15:48:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nasr","wikidata_qid":"Q1570898","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q82664","label":"Iran–Iraq War","id":"iran-iraq-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-morvarid","title":"Operation Morvarid","date_start":"1980-11-29"},{"id":"siege-of-abadan","title":"Siege of Abadan","date_start":"1980-11-06"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"},{"id":"operation-kaman-99","title":"Operation Kaman 99","date_start":"1980-09-23"},{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1980","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)","date_start":"1980-09-22"}]}},"2009-khan-el-khalili-bombing":{"extract":"The 2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing was a terrorist attack that took place at 6:30 p.m. local time on 22 February 2009 in Khan el-Khalili, a souq in eastern Cairo, Egypt, killing a 17-year-old French teenager and injuring 24 other people. It was the first of the February 2009 Cairo terrorist attacks.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1311393326,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2025-09-15T02:29:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Khan_el-Khalili_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q2691739","wikidata_classes":["bomb attack","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"was a terrorist attack","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the bombing, in the defining sentence, in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["was a terrorist attack"]},"highlights":[{"text":"was a terrorist attack","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14","km":1.8,"bearing":312},{"id":"mcmahon-hussein-correspondence","title":"McMahon–Hussein correspondence","date_start":"1915-07-14","km":1.8,"bearing":312},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25","km":1.9,"bearing":312},{"id":"2012-2013-egyptian-protests","title":"2012–2013 Egyptian protests","date_start":"2012-11-22","km":3.2,"bearing":270},{"id":"cairo-fire","title":"Cairo fire","date_start":"1952-01-26","km":3.4,"bearing":324}],"same_time":[{"id":"2009-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2009 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2009-02-10"},{"id":"gaza-war-2008-09","title":"Gaza War (2008–2009)","date_start":"2008-12-27"},{"id":"south-yemen-insurgency","title":"South Yemen insurgency","date_start":"2009-04-27"},{"id":"george-w-bush-shoe-throwing-incident","title":"George W. Bush shoe-throwing incident","date_start":"2008-12-14"},{"id":"2009-lebanese-general-election","title":"2009 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2009-06-07"}]}},"battle-of-idlib-2015":{"extract":"The Battle of Idlib (\"Operation to Free Idlib\") was a military operation in the Idlib Governorate, during the Syrian civil war, conducted by rebels against Syrian government forces defending Idlib city.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373023827,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-03T15:46:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)","wikidata_qid":"Q19678056","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13"},{"id":"2015-2016-latakia-offensive","title":"2015–2016 Latakia offensive","date_start":"2015-01-01"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"},{"id":"operation-chammal","title":"Opération Chammal","date_start":"2014-09-19"},{"id":"siege-of-kobani","title":"Siege of Kobanî","date_start":"2014-09-15"}],"nearby":[{"id":"khan-shaykhun-chemical-attack","title":"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack","date_start":"2017-04-04","km":22.5,"bearing":191},{"id":"june-2011-jisr-ash-shughur-clashes","title":"June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes","date_start":"2011-06-04","km":38.7,"bearing":297}],"same_time":[{"id":"saudi-arabian-led-intervention-in-yemen","title":"Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war","date_start":"2015-03-26"},{"id":"houthi-saudi-conflict","title":"Houthi–Saudi conflict","date_start":"2015-04-02"},{"id":"march-2015-sanaa-mosque-bombings","title":"March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings","date_start":"2015-03-20"},{"id":"2015-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2015 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2015-03-17"},{"id":"second-battle-of-tikrit","title":"Second Battle of Tikrit","date_start":"2015-03-02"}]}},"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike":{"extract":"On 19 October 2023, during the Gaza war, a building in the compound of the Church of Saint Porphyrius, a Greek Orthodox church in Gaza City, was destroyed during an Israeli airstrike, killing 18 Palestinian civilians and injuring between 12 and \"at least 20\". Some 450 Palestinian residents of the Gaza Strip, mainly Christians, had been sheltering in the compound. The church building itself was not damaged.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373613283,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-06T22:26:50Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius_airstrike","wikidata_qid":"Q123138276","wikidata_classes":["airstrike","war crime"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"},{"qid":"Q124086054","label":"Gaza genocide","id":"gaza-genocide"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17"},{"id":"al-shati-refugee-camp-airstrikes","title":"Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes","date_start":"2023-10-12"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"nearby":[{"id":"killing-of-alon-shamriz-yotam-haim-and-samer-talalka","title":"Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka","date_start":"2023-12-15","km":0.8,"bearing":112},{"id":"battle-of-gaza-2007","title":"Battle of Gaza (2007)","date_start":"2007-06-10","km":1.9,"bearing":322},{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26","km":1.9,"bearing":145},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17","km":1.9,"bearing":145},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01","km":1.9,"bearing":145}],"same_time":[{"id":"red-sea-crisis","title":"Red Sea crisis","date_start":"2023-10-19"},{"id":"attacks-on-us-bases-during-the-middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present","title":"Attacks on US bases during the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-18"},{"id":"2024-israel-hezbollah-conflict","title":"Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-08"},{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"1963-syrian-coup-d-etat":{"extract":"The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, labelled in Ba'athist historiography as the March 8 Revolution (Arabic: ثورة الثامن من آذار), was the seizure of power in Syria by the military committee of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The planning and the unfolding conspiracy of the Syrian Ba'athist operatives were prompted by the Ba'ath party's seizure of power in Iraq in February 1963.\n\nThe coup was planned by the military committee, rather than the Ba'ath Party's civilian leadership, but Michel Aflaq, the leader of the party, consented to the conspiracy. The leading members of the military committee throughout the planning process and in the immediate aftermath of taking power were Muhammad Umran, Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad, who belonged to the minority Alawite community. The committee enlisted the support of two Nasserists, Rashid al-Qutayni and Muhammad al-Sufi, and the independent Ziad al-Hariri. The coup was originally planned for 7 March, but was postponed one day after the government discovered where the conspirators were planning to assemble. After the coup, the Ba'athist Military committee initiated a series of purges that altered the structure of the Syrian armed forces by replacing 90% of its officer corps with Alawites.\n\nThe March 8 coup ended the era of democratic experimentation in the post-colonial Syrian Republic, and transformed Syria towards a one-party state exerting totalitarian domination over daily life. The coup resulted in the ascendancy of the Ba'athist system, which exerted extensive control over social, economic, political, educational and religious spheres through brutal repression and state terror. The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party maintained its grip on power for over 61 years, through its control of the military, security apparatus, political system and the Mukhabarat, with the country being taken over by its Secretary-General Bashar al-Assad in 2000 until his overthrow during the Syrian Civil War in 2024.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370267842,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-20T03:20:22Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat","wikidata_qid":"Q2475925","wikidata_classes":["coup d'état"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"brutal repression and state terror","note":"Uses \"terror\" for Ba'athist rule in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["brutal repression and state terror"]},"highlights":[{"text":"brutal repression and state terror","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783165","label":"Arab Cold War","id":"arab-cold-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"dhofar-rebellion","title":"Dhofar rebellion","date_start":"1963-06-09"},{"id":"north-yemen-civil-war","title":"North Yemen civil war","date_start":"1962-09-26"},{"id":"1964-hama-riot","title":"1964 Hama riot","date_start":"1964-04-01"},{"id":"1966-syrian-coup-d-tat","title":"1966 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1966-02-23"},{"id":"1959-mosul-uprising","title":"1959 Mosul uprising","date_start":"1959-03-07"}]}},"operation-mole-cricket-19":{"extract":"Operation Mole Cricket 19 (Hebrew: מבצע ערצב-19, romanized: Mivtza ʻArtzav Tsha-Esreh) was a suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) campaign launched by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) against Syrian targets on June 9, 1982, at the outset of the 1982 Lebanon War. The operation was the first time in history that a Western-equipped air force successfully destroyed a Soviet-built surface-to-air missile (SAM) network. It also became one of the biggest air battles since World War II, and the biggest since the Korean War. The result was a decisive Israeli victory.\n\nThe IAF began working on a SAM suppression operation at the end of the Yom Kippur War. Rising tensions between Israel and Syria over Lebanon escalated in the early 1980s and culminated in Syria deploying SAM batteries in the Beqaa Valley. On June 6, 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, and on the third day of the war, with clashes ongoing between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Syrian Army, Israel decided to launch the operation.\n\nThe battle lasted about two hours, and involved innovative tactics and technology. By the end of the day, the IAF had destroyed 29 of 30 SAM batteries deployed in the Beqaa Valley, and shot down 82–86 enemy aircraft, with minimal losses of its own. The battle led the United States to impose a ceasefire on Israel and Syria.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370693848,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T15:47:37Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19","wikidata_qid":"Q2918913","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49103","label":"1982 Lebanon War","id":"1982-lebanon-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"siege-of-beirut","title":"Siege of Beirut","date_start":"1982-06-14"}],"same_time":[{"id":"operation-beit-ol-moqaddas","title":"Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas","date_start":"1982-05-24"},{"id":"dujail-massacre","title":"Dujail massacre","date_start":"1982-07-08"},{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1982","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)","date_start":"1982-04-24"},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07"},{"id":"operation-fath-ol-mobin","title":"Operation Fath ol-Mobin","date_start":"1982-03-22"}]}},"arab-winter":{"extract":"The Arab Winter (Arabic: الشتاء العربي, romanized: ash-shitāʼ al-ʻarabī) is the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism in some Arab countries in the 2010s in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. The term \"Arab Winter\" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Middle East and North Africa, including the Syrian civil war, the Iraqi insurgency and subsequent war in Iraq, the Egyptian Crisis, the Libyan crisis including the first and second civil wars, and the Yemeni crisis including the Yemeni civil war.\n\nThe term was coined by Chinese political scientist Zhang Weiwei during a debate with American political scientist Francis Fukuyama on 27 June 2011. Fukuyama believed the Arab Spring movement would spread to China, while Zhang predicted the Arab Spring would soon turn into an Arab Winter.\n\nAccording to scholars of the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring fully devolved into the Arab Winter in 2014, four years after its onset. The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of Arab countries, and ethno-religious sectarian strife. According to a study by the American University of Beirut, by the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees. Perhaps the most significant event of the Arab Winter was the rise of the Islamic State, which controlled swathes of land in the region from 2014 to 2019.\n\nIn 2020, several armed conflicts that could be seen as results of the Arab Spring were ongoing. The Syrian civil war, as of mid-2020, had caused massive political instability and economic hardship in Syria, with the Syrian currency plunging to new lows. Further, as of mid-2020, a civil war and subsequent intervention by Saudi Arabia continued in Yemen.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379680913,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-11T08:15:11Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Winter","wikidata_qid":"Q17512479","wikidata_classes":["war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism","note":"Uses \"extremism\" for part of the defining sentence in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"iran-saudi-arabia-proxy-war","title":"Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war","date_start":"1979-02-11"},{"id":"sinai-insurgency","title":"Sinai insurgency","date_start":"2011-02-05"},{"id":"syrian-civil-war","title":"Syrian civil war","date_start":"2011-03-15"},{"id":"war-in-iraq-2013-2017","title":"War in Iraq (2013–2017)","date_start":"2014-01-01"}]},"iraqi-turkmen-genocide":{"extract":"Persecution of the Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State refers to the series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of the Iraqi Turkmen in Islamic State-controlled territory. The persecution began when IS captured Iraqi Turkmen lands in 2014 and continued until IS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, it was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq, and in 2018, the sexual slavery was also recognized by the United Nations.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1379949824,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T21:52:39Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_the_Iraqi_Turkmen_by_the_Islamic_State","wikidata_qid":"Q116783960","wikidata_classes":["genocide"],"date_flags":["date_source_adjusted: Wikidata P585 2017-08-31 equals the item's end time (P582); used P580 start time 2014-08-01"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"israeli-occupation-of-the-west-bank":{"extract":"The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has been under military occupation by Israel since 7 June 1967, when Israeli forces captured the territory, then occupied by Jordan, during the Six-Day War. The West Bank is part of the state of Palestine, and its status as a militarily occupied territory has been affirmed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and, with the exception of East Jerusalem, by the Israeli Supreme Court. The West Bank, excepting East Jerusalem, is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration, a branch of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. Considered to be a classic example of an \"intractable conflict\", Israel's occupation is now the longest in modern history. Though its occupation is illegal, Israel has cited several reasons for retaining the West Bank within its ambit: historic rights stemming from the Balfour Declaration; security grounds, both internal and external; and the area's symbolic value for Jews.\n\nIsrael has controversially, and in contravention of international law, established numerous Jewish settlements throughout the West Bank. The United Nations Security Council has repeatedly affirmed that settlements in that territory are a \"flagrant violation of international law\", most recently in 2016 with United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334. The ICJ has also found that the establishment of Israeli settlements is illegal under international law. The creation and ongoing expansion of the settlements have led to Israel's policies being criticized as an example of settler colonialism.\n\nIsrael has been accused of major violations of international human rights law, including collective punishment, in its administration of the occupied Palestinian territories. Israeli settlers and civilians living or traveling through the West Bank are subject to Israeli law, and are represented in the Knesset; in contrast, Palestinian civilians, mostly confined to scattered enclaves, are subject to martial law and are not permitted to vote in Israel's national elections. This two-tiered system has caused Israel to be accused of committing apartheid, a charge that Israel rejects entirely. Israel's vast military superiority, with a modern army and air force, compared to the Palestinian use of guerrilla tactics, has led to accusations of war crimes on both sides, with Israel being accused of disproportionality and the Palestinians accused of indiscriminate attacks.\n\nThe occupation also has numerous critics within Israel itself, with some Israeli conscripts refusing to serve due to their objections to the occupation. The legal status of the occupation itself, and not just the actions taken as a part of it, have been increasingly scrutinized by the international community and by scholars in the field of international law, with most finding that regardless of whether the occupation had been legal when it began, it has become illegal over time.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380561518,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-16T14:14:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank","wikidata_qid":"Q60753669","wikidata_classes":["military occupation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States the illegality of the occupation as fact in its own voice (\"Though its occupation is illegal\") before Israel's reasons, although the last paragraph presents the same point as the finding of most international-law scholars; Israel's position on the legal question itself is not given.","highlights":["Though its occupation is illegal"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"EDITORIAL","guideline_name":"Editorializing","shortcut":"MOS:EDITORIAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Editorializing","phrase":"Though its occupation is illegal, Israel has cited several reasons","note":"\"Though\" sets Israel's stated reasons against a legal verdict given in Wikipedia's own voice, steering the reader before the reasons are listed."}],"highlights":["Though its occupation is illegal, Israel has cited several reasons"]},"highlights":[{"text":"Though its occupation is illegal","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"Though its occupation is illegal, Israel has cited several reasons","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q407199","label":"Occupied Palestinian territory"},{"qid":"Q575187","label":"Israeli-occupied territories"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"israeli-occupation-of-southern-lebanon-1982-2000","title":"Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"}],"same_time":[{"id":"operation-focus","title":"Operation Focus","date_start":"1967-06-05"},{"id":"six-day-war","title":"Six-Day War","date_start":"1967-06-05"},{"id":"battle-of-ammunition-hill","title":"Battle of Ammunition Hill","date_start":"1967-06-06"},{"id":"war-of-attrition","title":"War of Attrition","date_start":"1967-07-01"}]}},"1978-south-lebanon-conflict":{"extract":"The 1978 South Lebanon conflict, also known as the First Israeli invasion of Lebanon and codenamed Operation Litani by Israel, began when Israel invaded southern Lebanon up to the Litani River in March 1978. It was in response to the Coastal Road massacre near Tel Aviv by Palestinian militants based in Lebanon. The conflict resulted in the deaths of 1,100–2,000 Lebanese and Palestinians, 20 Israelis, and the internal displacement of 100,000 to 250,000 people in Lebanon. The Israel Defense Forces gained a military victory against the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the latter was forced to withdraw from southern Lebanon, preventing it from launching attacks on Israel from across its land border with Lebanon. In response to the outbreak of hostilities, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 on 19 March 1978, which called on Israel to immediately withdraw its troops from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).\n\nIsrael launched a second invasion of Lebanon in 1982.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1374105109,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-09T21:47:24Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict","wikidata_qid":"Q1121402","wikidata_classes":["invasion","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q3241199","label":"Israeli–Lebanese conflict","id":"israeli-lebanese-conflict"},{"qid":"Q151622","label":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"},{"id":"israeli-occupation-of-southern-lebanon-1982-2000","title":"Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"israeli-withdrawal-from-lebanon","title":"South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"first-intifada","title":"First Intifada","date_start":"1987-12-08"},{"id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon","title":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","date_start":"1968-01-01"}]}},"2009-iranian-presidential-election-protests":{"extract":"After incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared victory in the 2009 Iranian presidential election, protests broke out in major cities across Iran in support of opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi. The protests continued until 2010, and were titled the Iranian Green Movement by their proponents, reflecting Mousavi's campaign theme, and Persian Awakening, Persian Spring or Green Revolution.\n\nProtests began on the night of 12 June 2009, following the announcement that incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won nearly 63 percent of the vote, despite several reported irregularities. However, all three opposition candidates claimed the votes were manipulated and the election was rigged, with Rezaee and Mousavi lodging official complaints. Mousavi announced he \"won't surrender to this manipulation\", before lodging an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei ordered an investigation into the claims of electoral fraud and irregularities, as requested by Green Movement leaders. Ahmadinejad called the election \"completely free\" and the outcome a \"great victory\" for Iran, dismissing the protests as akin to little more than \"passions after a soccer match\".\n\nDue to the sporadic cases of violence present at the protests, the government had the police and paramilitary Basij violently suppress them; protesters were beaten, pepper sprayed, arrested and tortured, and even shot in some cases. The most widely known firearm victim was Neda Agha-Soltan, whose last moments were uploaded to YouTube and broadcast around the world. Opposition groups also reported thousands more were arrested and tortured in prisons around the country, with former inmates alleging mass rape of men, women, and children by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards in prisons such as Kahrizak and Evin. The Iranian government confirmed the deaths of 36 people during the protests, while unconfirmed reports by Mousavi supporters allege at least 72 deaths (over twice as many) in the three months following the election. They claimed relatives of the deceased were forced to sign documents citing death by heart attack or meningitis. Iranian authorities closed universities in Tehran, blocked websites, cut off mobile signals and banned rallies.\n\nThe creation of the Iranian Green Movement developed during these protests. It was also termed the \"Twitter Revolution\", due to protesters' reliance on Twitter and other social media to communicate.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381691345,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T04:32:27Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q854206","wikidata_classes":["protest","student protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"all three opposition candidates claimed the votes were manipulated","note":"The opposition candidates \"claimed\" the election was rigged, while Ahmadinejad \"called\" it free and the government \"confirmed\" its death toll."}],"highlights":["all three opposition candidates claimed the votes were manipulated"]},"highlights":[{"text":"all three opposition candidates claimed the votes were manipulated","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2010-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2010 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2010-03-07"},{"id":"2010-gaza-flotilla-raid","title":"2010 Gaza flotilla raid","date_start":"2010-05-31"},{"id":"zurich-protocols","title":"Zurich Protocols","date_start":"2009-10-10"}]}},"iranian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war":{"extract":"From the 2000s until the fall of the Assad regime, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic were close strategic allies, and Iran provided significant support for the Syrian Ba'athist government in the Syrian civil war, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and combat troops. Iran saw the survival of the Assad regime as being crucial to its regional interests. When the uprising developed into the Syrian civil war, there were increasing reports of Iranian military support, and of Iranian training of the National Defence Forces both in Syria and Iran. From late 2011 and early 2012, Iran's IRGC sent tens of thousands of Iranian troops and Shi'ite foreign paramilitary volunteers in coordination with the Syrian government to prevent the collapse of the regime; thereby polarizing the conflict along sectarian lines.\n\nIranian security and intelligence services advised and assisted the Syrian military in order to preserve the erstwhile Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's hold on power. Those efforts included training, technical support, and combat troops. Estimates of the number of Iranian personnel in Syria ranged from hundreds to tens of thousands. Iranian government backed Shia Hezbollah fighters, had taken direct combat roles from 2012 until 2024. From the summer of 2013, Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Assad, allowing it to make advances on the opposition.\n\nIn 2014, coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II, Iran stepped up support for Assad. Estimates of financial assistance rendered by Iran to the Ba'athist Syrian government ranged from tens to hundreds of billions of dollars. Tehran's objectives included Shi'ification attempts through forced conversions, Shia missionary activities, establishment of shrines and demographic transformations by bringing in foreign Twelver Shia settlers in regime-controlled territories.\n\nIranian troops and allied militias on the ground were supported by ballistic missiles and air forces, including armed drones utilizing smart munitions. By October 2018, Iranian drones had launched over 700 strikes on Islamic State forces alone. At the height of its intervention in 2015–18, an estimated 10,000 IRGC forces and 5,000 Iranian Army members were stationed in Syria alongside tens of thousands of Iranian-led foreign militias. In 2018, 2,000 officers of the Quds Forces commanded an estimated 131 military garrisons and tens of thousands of Iran-backed Shia jihadists across regime-controlled regions. During 2020, Unit 840 played a role in supporting the Assad regime during the Syrian conflict. Their involvement includes training pro-government militias, providing strategic guidance, and establishing a military presence near the Israeli border. This positioning aims to create a strategic advantage against Israel and to support Hezbollah's operations in the region. In 2023, Iran maintained 55 military bases in Syria and 515 other military points, the majority in Aleppo and Deir Ezzor governorates and the Damascus suburbs; these were 70% of the foreign military sites in the country. On December 6, 2024, after severe military setbacks due to a series of rebel offensives, Iran and its proxies withdrew from Syria.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1376909984,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-26T23:06:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war","wikidata_qid":"Q15803217","wikidata_classes":["military intervention","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"States contested claims about Iran's aims as fact (\"Shi'ification attempts through forced conversions\", demographic transformation through settlers), while Iran's own stated reasons for the intervention appear only as \"regional interests\".","highlights":["Shi'ification attempts through forced conversions","demographic transformations by bringing in foreign Twelver Shia settlers"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"Shi'ification attempts through forced conversions","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"demographic transformations by bringing in foreign Twelver Shia settlers","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q5468411","label":"foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"united-states-intervention-in-syria","title":"United States intervention in Syria","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"},{"id":"turkish-involvement-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2011-01-01"},{"id":"april-2018-missile-strikes-against-syria","title":"April 2018 missile strikes against Syria","date_start":"2018-04-14"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2013-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2013 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2013-06-14"},{"id":"gezi-park-protests","title":"Gezi Park protests","date_start":"2013-05-28"},{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03"},{"id":"2013-reyhanl-car-bombings","title":"2013 Reyhanlı car bombings","date_start":"2013-05-11"},{"id":"rabaa-massacre","title":"Rabaa massacre","date_start":"2013-08-14"}]}},"operation-house-of-cards":{"extract":"On 10 May 2018, Israel stated that Iranian forces in Syria launched 20 rockets against Israeli army positions on the western Golan Heights. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that the attack occurred after Madinat al-Baath, a town in the demilitarised zone, was bombarded by Israeli forces. According to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) some missiles were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome system, while some fell short in Syrian territory.\n\nFollowing this, Israel launched an extensive strike in Syria against Iranian targets, called Operation House of Cards (Hebrew: מִבְצָע בֵּית הַקְלָפִים; mivtza beit haKlafim) targeting Iranian military bases in Syria. Syria state media called the attacks an act of Israeli aggression on Syrian territories. Iran denied Israeli claims, stating it had neither fired rockets against Israel nor had any military bases in Syria. During the operation, the Israel Air Force destroyed a number of Syrian air defense batteries, including a Pantsir-S1 system, a S-75 Dvina system, a S-200 missile system radar, and a Buk missile system.\n\nThe clash came during rising tensions between Israeli and Iranian forces in Syria, including threats by the leader of Iran's Quds Force in Syria, Qasem Soleimani, to attack Israel. The incidents also came just a day after the US announced it was withdrawing from the Iranian nuclear deal.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1368285950,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T04:34:11Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards","wikidata_qid":"Q52971355","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q15059994","label":"Iran–Israel proxy conflict","id":"iran-israel-proxy-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"syria-missile-strikes-september-2018","title":"Syria missile strikes (September 2018)","date_start":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"attacks-on-us-bases-during-the-middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present","title":"Attacks on US bases during the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-18"},{"id":"april-2024-iranian-strikes-on-israel","title":"April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel","date_start":"2024-04-13"},{"id":"lebanese-civil-war","title":"Lebanese Civil War","date_start":"1975-04-13"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2018-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-05-12"},{"id":"united-states-withdrawal-from-the-joint-comprehensive-plan-of-action","title":"United States withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal","date_start":"2018-05-08"},{"id":"2018-lebanese-general-election","title":"2018 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2018-05-06"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-occupation-of-socotra","title":"United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra","date_start":"2018-04-30"},{"id":"april-2018-missile-strikes-against-syria","title":"April 2018 missile strikes against Syria","date_start":"2018-04-14"}]}}}