{"nakba":{"extract":"The Nakba (Arabic: النَّكْبَة, romanized: an-Nakba, lit. 'the catastrophe') is the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists through their violent displacement and dispossession of land, property, and belongings, along with the destruction of their society and the suppression of their culture, identity, political rights, and national aspirations. The term is used to describe the events of the 1948 Palestine war, during which Zionists depopulated territories in Mandatory Palestine and declared the establishment of the State of Israel, as well as to describe Israel's ongoing persecution and displacement of Palestinians. As a whole, it covers the fracturing of Palestinian society and the longstanding rejection of the right of return for Palestinian refugees and their descendants.\n\nDuring the foundational events of the Nakba in 1948, about half of Palestine's predominantly Arab population – around 750,000 people – were expelled from their homes or made to flee through various violent means, at first by Zionist paramilitaries, and after the establishment of the State of Israel, by the IDF. Dozens of massacres targeted Palestinian Arabs, and over 500 Arab-majority towns, villages, and urban neighborhoods were depopulated. Many of the settlements were either completely destroyed or repopulated by Jews and given new Hebrew names. Israel employed biological warfare against Palestinians by poisoning village wells. By the end of the war, Israel controlled 78% of the land area of the former Mandatory Palestine.\n\nThe Palestinian national narrative views the Nakba as a collective trauma that defines Palestinians' national identity and political aspirations. The Israeli national narrative views the Nakba as a component of the War of Independence that established Israel's statehood and sovereignty. Israel negates or denies the atrocities it committed, claiming that many of the expelled Palestinians left willingly or that their expulsion was necessary and unavoidable. Nakba denial has been increasingly challenged since the 1970s in Israeli society, particularly by the New Historians, but the official narrative has not changed.\n\nPalestinians observe Nakba Day on 15 May, the day after the anniversary of the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel, which Israel celebrates as its Independence Day. In 1967, after the Six-Day War, another series of Palestinian exodus occurred; this came to be known as the Naksa (النَّكْسَة lit. 'Setback'), and also has its own day, 5 June. The Nakba has greatly influenced Palestinian culture and is a foundational symbol of Palestinian national identity, together with the political cartoon character Handala, the Palestinian keffiyeh, and the Palestinian 1948 keys. Many books, songs, and poems have been written about the Nakba.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381546706,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T06:33:19Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakba","wikidata_qid":"Q3266633","wikidata_classes":["historical event","historical period","concept","forced displacement","population transfer"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"The opening sentence defines the Nakba as \"the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists\" and later states \"Israel employed biological warfare\" as fact. The Israeli view appears only as denial. Many historians use these terms, but they are contested and the summary does not attribute them.","highlights":["the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists","Israel employed biological warfare"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"NPOV","guideline_name":"Avoid stating opinions as facts","shortcut":"WP:YESPOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ANeutral_point_of_view&oldid=1370393267#Explanation","phrase":"the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists","note":"The defining sentence states \"ethnic cleansing\" as fact in Wikipedia's own voice. The summary gives the Israeli narrative and Israel's position, but does not say who uses the ethnic-cleansing description."},{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"Nakba denial","note":"Frames the Israeli position as \"Nakba denial\" in Wikipedia's own voice."}],"highlights":["the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists","Nakba denial"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"Israel employed biological warfare","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"the ethnic cleansing of Palestinian Arabs by Zionists","kind":"wording"},{"text":"Nakba denial","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"1948-palestinian-expulsion-and-flight","title":"1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight","date_start":"1948-01-01"},{"id":"safsaf-massacre","title":"Safsaf massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"}]},"egypt-israel-peace-treaty":{"extract":"The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords. The treaty was signed by Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, and witnessed by Jimmy Carter, President of the United States.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368884596,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-11T16:50:50Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty","wikidata_qid":"Q1129412","wikidata_classes":["peace treaty","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Egypt","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783126","label":"Arab-Israeli peace projects"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"camp-david-accords","title":"Camp David Accords","date_start":"1978-09-17"},{"id":"may-17-agreement","title":"May 17 Agreement","date_start":"1983-05-17"},{"id":"israel-jordan-peace-treaty","title":"Israel–Jordan peace treaty","date_start":"1994-10-26"},{"id":"abraham-accords","title":"Abraham Accords","date_start":"2020-09-15"}],"same_time":[{"id":"1979-iranian-islamic-republic-referendum","title":"1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum","date_start":"1979-03-31"},{"id":"1979-international-women-s-day-protests-in-tehran","title":"1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran","date_start":"1979-03-08"}]}},"gulf-war":{"extract":"The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States in response to Saddam Hussein invading neighboring Kuwait on 2 August 1990. The coalition's efforts were in two phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, from the bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January until the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February.\n\nThe invasion of Kuwait was met with immediate international condemnation. The UN Security Council demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal and imposed a total embargo on products from Iraq and Kuwait. A coalition began a military buildup in the Persian Gulf region. The broadest military alliance since World War II, its largest contributors were the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt.\n\nThe Security Council issued an ultimatum to Iraq on 29 November 1990, expiring on 15 January 1991, to withdraw from Kuwait, with member-states thereafter empowered to use \"all necessary means\" to force withdrawal. On 17 January, the coalition began aerial and naval bombardment of Iraq and Kuwait, which continued for five weeks. Iraq fired missiles at Israel and at Saudi Arabia, but failed to split Muslim-majority countries from the coalition. On 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a decisive ground assault liberating Kuwait and promptly advancing into Iraqi territory. The coalition halted its ground advance after one hundred hours, and declared a ceasefire.\n\nIn the war's aftermath, the Iraqi government suppressed a series of uprisings until 5 April 1991. Coalition countries responded by establishing two no-fly zones over Iraq's north and south. The United Nations Special Commission sought to end Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programs. In 2003, another US-led coalition invaded and occupied Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.\n\nThe conflict's environmental impact included Iraqi forces causing over six hundred oil well fires and the largest oil spill in history until that point. US bombing and demolition of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities were concluded to be the primary cause of Gulf War syndrome, experienced by over 40% of US veterans.\n\nThe conflict introduced live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by American network CNN. It earned the nickname \"Video Game War\", after the daily broadcast of images from cameras onboard American military aircraft. The war highlighted new military technologies including military satellites, precision-guided munitions and a stealth aircraft, the F-117 Nighthawk. The largest tank battles in American military history were also fought, surpassed only by the Battle of the Bulge: the Battle of Medina Ridge, the Battle of Norfolk, and the Battle of 73 Easting.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381292968,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-21T11:09:17Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War","wikidata_qid":"Q37643","wikidata_classes":["war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Iraq","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Presents one contested study (US bombing as the main cause of Gulf War syndrome) as settled; otherwise a coalition-perspective summary.","highlights":["were concluded to be the primary cause of Gulf War syndrome"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"were concluded to be the primary cause of Gulf War syndrome","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"battle-of-dasman-palace","title":"Battle of Dasman Palace","date_start":"1990-08-02"},{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"},{"id":"battle-of-khafji","title":"Battle of Khafji","date_start":"1991-01-29"},{"id":"amiriyah-shelter-bombing","title":"Amiriyah shelter bombing","date_start":"1991-02-13"},{"id":"battle-of-73-easting","title":"Battle of 73 Easting","date_start":"1991-02-26"},{"id":"battle-of-medina-ridge","title":"Battle of Medina Ridge","date_start":"1991-02-27"},{"id":"battle-of-norfolk","title":"Battle of Norfolk","date_start":"1991-02-27"},{"id":"iraqi-invasion-of-kuwait","title":"Iraqi invasion of Kuwait","date_start":"2009-08-02"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"british-airways-flight-149","title":"British Airways Flight 149","date_start":"1990-08-02"}]}},"ofira-air-battle":{"extract":"The Ofira Air Battle was one of the first air battles of the Yom Kippur War. On 6 October 1973, Egypt launched a massive surprise attack on Israel that included over 200 Egyptian aircraft participating in an opening airstrike. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) Base Ofira at Sharm el-Sheikh came under attack by 20 Egyptian Air Force MiG-17s and their eight MiG-21 escorts. Not realizing the extent of the attack, Israel quickly scrambled two F-4E Phantom II fighter jets. The Israeli pilots proceeded to jettison their external fuel tanks and engage all 28 MiGs in aerial combat. In just under six minutes, seven Egyptian MiGs had been shot down and the remaining Egyptian planes disengaged and returned to Egypt. The Israeli Phantoms returned to their base. The Egyptians dispute the Israeli account of the battle, but they never did provide their own version of what happened. One of the Egyptian pilots killed was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's half-brother, Atef.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370630396,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T04:54:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofira_Air_Battle","wikidata_qid":"Q1039366","wikidata_classes":["dogfight","battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Relies on the Israeli account of the battle; notes that Egypt disputes it.","highlights":["In just under six minutes, seven Egyptian MiGs had been shot down"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"EDITORIAL","guideline_name":"Editorializing","shortcut":"MOS:EDITORIAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Editorializing","phrase":"but they never did provide their own version of what happened","note":"The summary calls its account \"the Israeli account\", notes that Egypt disputes it, and then dismisses the dispute with \"but they never did provide their own version\"."}],"highlights":["but they never did provide their own version of what happened"]},"highlights":[{"text":"In just under six minutes, seven Egyptian MiGs had been shot down","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"but they never did provide their own version of what happened","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49100","label":"Yom Kippur War","id":"yom-kippur-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-latakia","title":"Battle of Latakia","date_start":"1973-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-baltim","title":"Battle of Baltim","date_start":"1973-10-09"},{"id":"valley-of-tears","title":"Valley of Tears","date_start":"1973-10-09"},{"id":"battle-of-the-chinese-farm","title":"Battle of the Chinese Farm","date_start":"1973-01-01"},{"id":"operation-badr-1973","title":"Operation Badr (1973)","date_start":"1973-01-01"}],"nearby":[{"id":"2005-sharm-el-sheikh-bombings","title":"2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings","date_start":"2005-07-23","km":7.5,"bearing":219}],"same_time":[{"id":"1973-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1973 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1973-12-31"}]}},"yazidi-genocide":{"extract":"The Yazidi genocide also known as the 74th firman by Yazidis, was perpetrated by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017. It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. The Yazidis are a Kurdish-speaking people who are indigenous to Kurdistan who practice Yazidism, a monotheistic Iranian ethnoreligion derived from the Indo-Iranian tradition.\n\nOver a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men. The United Nations reported that the Islamic State killed about 5,000 Yazidis and trafficked about 10,800 Yazidi women and girls in a \"forced conversion campaign\" throughout Iraq. By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava. The persecution of Yazidis, along with other religious minorities, took place after the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of June 2014.\n\nAmid numerous atrocities committed by the Islamic State, the Yazidi genocide attracted international attention and prompted the United States to establish CJTF–OIR, a military coalition consisting of many Western countries and Turkey, Morocco, and Jordan. Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia made emergency airdrops to support Yazidi refugees who were trapped in the Sinjar Mountains due to the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of August 2014. During the Sinjar massacre, in which the Islamic State killed and abducted thousands of trapped Yazidis, the United States and the United Kingdom began carrying out airstrikes on the advancing Islamic State militants, while the People's Defense Units and the Kurdistan Workers' Party jointly formed a humanitarian corridor to evacuate the rest of the Yazidi refugees from the Sinjar Mountains.\n\nThe United Nations and several other organizations, including the Council of Europe and the European Union, have designated the anti-Yazidi campaign by the Islamic State as a genocide, as have the United States, Canada, Armenia, and Iraq.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1364479325,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-16T20:23:39Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi_genocide","wikidata_qid":"Q21190910","wikidata_classes":["genocide"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"sinjar-massacre","title":"Sinjar massacre","date_start":"2014-08-01"}]},"2021-afghanistan-iran-clashes":{"extract":"The 2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes took place between the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces and the Iranian Border Guard Command along checkpoints on the Afghanistan–Iran border. The clashes occurred on the 1st of December, the cross-border fighting saw troops of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan capture several checkpoints on the Iranian side of the international border. The clashes ended later that day after the two sides promptly came to an agreement that saw the Taliban force withdraw from all captured Iranian territory. Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan subsequently referred to the incident as a \"misunderstanding\" and denied suffering any casualties, although USA alleged casualties on both sides.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1372995452,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-03T11:44:32Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_clashes","wikidata_qid":"Q109860738","wikidata_classes":["border conflict","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2021-2022-iraqi-political-crisis","title":"2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis","date_start":"2021-11-05"},{"id":"2022-abu-dhabi-attack","title":"2022 Abu Dhabi attack","date_start":"2022-01-17"},{"id":"2021-beirut-clashes","title":"2021 Beirut clashes","date_start":"2021-10-14"},{"id":"2021-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2021 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2021-10-10"},{"id":"2021-qatari-general-election","title":"2021 Qatari general election","date_start":"2021-10-02"}]}},"2023-iran-drone-attacks":{"extract":"On the night of January 28-29, 2023, several unidentified drones attacked an ammunition factory in Isfahan, with other unexplained explosions across Iran, including a fire in an oil refinery in Tabriz and reports of explosions and fire in Karaj.\n\nIsrael gave no comment, but the Mossad was implicated by most Western intelligence and Iranian sources in similar successful attacks against Iranian nuclear facilities and defense industry, especially in 2020. Iran intensified its threats to destroy Israel, despite downplaying the attacks.\n\nThe governments of Russia and Ukraine publicly reacted to the events. Russia condemned the attack, while Ukraine said that Iran had been warned about supplying Russia with drones.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1368281686,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T03:53:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks","wikidata_qid":"Q116468222","wikidata_classes":["drone warfare","armed conflict","airstrike","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2023-neve-yaakov-shooting","title":"2023 Neve Yaakov shooting","date_start":"2023-01-27"},{"id":"2023-israel-palestine-tensions","title":"2023 Israel–Palestine tensions","date_start":"2023-04-05"},{"id":"2022-istanbul-bombing","title":"2022 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2022-11-13"},{"id":"2022-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2022 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2022-11-01"},{"id":"2022-shah-cheragh-attack","title":"2022 Shah Cheragh attack","date_start":"2022-10-26"}]}}}