{"invasion-of-iraq":{"extract":"The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War. The invasion began on 20 March 2003 and lasted just over one month, including 26 days of major combat operations. The invasion was conducted by a United States–led coalition of mainly American, British, Australian, and Polish troops.\n\nAccording to US president George W. Bush and UK prime minister Tony Blair, the coalition aimed to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)—nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons—and \"free the Iraqi people\" by deposing president Saddam Hussein, in turn ending his \"support for terrorism\". Before the invasion, United Nations (UN) inspectors in Iraq had found no evidence of Iraqi WMDs; US and British officials claimed they were still hidden, and posed an immediate threat to world peace.\n\nThe invasion was strongly opposed by some long-standing US allies, including Canada, France, Germany, and New Zealand. In 2004, UN secretary-general Kofi Annan called the invasion illegal under international law, as a breach of the UN Charter. On 15 February 2003, there were worldwide protests against the anticipated invasion of Iraq, including a rally of three million people in Rome which was the largest anti-war rally in history.\n\nThe invasion began with an airstrike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad on 20 March 2003. The following day, coalition forces launched an incursion into Basra Governorate from their massing point close to the Iraqi–Kuwaiti border. While special forces launched an amphibious assault from the Persian Gulf to secure Basra and the surrounding petroleum fields, the main invasion army occupied southern Iraq, engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah on 23 March. Massive air strikes across the country and against Iraqi command and control threw the defending army into chaos and prevented an effective resistance. On 26 March, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was airdropped near the northern city of Kirkuk, where they joined forces with Kurdish rebels and fought several actions against the Iraqi Army, to secure the northern part of the country.\n\nThe main body of coalition forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq and were met with little resistance. Most of the Iraqi military was quickly defeated. On 9 April 2003, 22 days after the first day of the invasion, the capital city of Baghdad was captured by coalition forces after the six-day-long Battle of Baghdad. Other operations included the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on 10 April and the attack on and capture of Tikrit on 15 April. Saddam and the Iraqi central leadership went into hiding, as the coalition forces finished occupying the country. On 1 May, Bush declared the \"end of major combat operations\" in Iraq; this began the occupation phase of the Iraq War, in which coalition forces fought the Iraqi insurgency. Saddam was captured by US forces on 13 December 2003.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381285178,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-21T09:06:13Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq","wikidata_qid":"Q107802","wikidata_classes":["invasion","military operation","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Iraq","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"US and British officials claimed they were still hidden","note":"US and British officials \"claimed\" the weapons were hidden, while the UN inspectors \"found no evidence\"."}],"highlights":["US and British officials claimed they were still hidden"]},"highlights":[{"text":"US and British officials claimed they were still hidden","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q545449","label":"Iraq War","id":"iraq-war"}],"includes":[{"id":"operation-viking-hammer","title":"Operation Viking Hammer","date_start":"2003-03-01"},{"id":"battle-of-al-faw-2003","title":"Battle of Al Faw (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-2003","title":"Battle of Basra (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-umm-qasr","title":"Battle of Umm Qasr","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-karbala-2003","title":"Battle of Karbala (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-nasiriyah","title":"Battle of Nasiriyah","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2003","title":"Battle of Najaf (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-24"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"anbar-campaign-2003-2011","title":"Anbar campaign (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"battle-of-baghdad-2003","title":"Battle of Baghdad (2003)","date_start":"2003-01-01"},{"id":"iraqi-insurgency-2003-2011","title":"Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-01-01"},{"id":"capture-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Capture of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2003-12-13"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2004","title":"Battle of Najaf (2004)","date_start":"2004-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"iraqi-conflict","title":"Iraqi conflict","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"2003-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2003 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2003-01-28"},{"id":"2002-turkish-general-election","title":"2002 Turkish general election","date_start":"2002-11-03"},{"id":"canal-hotel-bombing","title":"Canal Hotel bombing","date_start":"2003-08-19"},{"id":"2002-iraqi-presidential-referendum","title":"2002 Iraqi presidential referendum","date_start":"2002-10-16"}]}},"battle-of-erzincan-1916":{"extract":"The Battle of Erzincan (Russian: Эрзинджанское сражение, Turkish: Erzincan Muharebesi) was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.\n\nIn February 1916, Nikolai Yudenich had taken the cities of Erzurum and Trabzon. Trabzon had provided the Russians with a port to receive reinforcements in the Caucasus. Enver Pasha ordered the Third Army, now under Vehip Pasha, to retake Trabzon. Vehip's attack failed and General Yudenich counterattacked on July 2. The Russian attack hit the Turkish communications center of Erzincan forcing Vehip's troops to retreat as well as losing 34,000 men, half taken as POWs. As a result, the Third Army was rendered ineffective for the rest of the year and Erzincan was captured by the Russians.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381032251,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T15:49:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan_(1916)","wikidata_qid":"Q836837","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"},{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"},{"id":"battle-of-rafa","title":"Battle of Rafa","date_start":"1917-01-09"},{"id":"battle-of-bitlis","title":"Battle of Bitlis","date_start":"1915-07-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-revolt","title":"Arab Revolt","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"battle-of-mecca-1916","title":"Battle of Mecca (1916)","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"siege-of-medina","title":"Siege of Medina","date_start":"1916-06-10"},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03"},{"id":"sykes-picot-agreement","title":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","date_start":"1916-05-16"}]}},"operation-pleshet":{"extract":"Operation Pleshet (Hebrew: מִבְצָע פְּלֶשֶׁת, Mivtza Pleshet) was an Israeli military action near the village of Isdud from May 29 to June 3, 1948 during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Isdud was on the Israeli southern front against the Egyptian Army, and the operation was aimed at capturing the village and stopping the Egyptian advance northwards. While only the June 2–3 engagements are officially named Operation Pleshet, the events immediately preceding are historiographically joined with it.\n\nThe preceding events consisted of an aerial bombardment, followed by small-scale Israeli harassment of the Egyptian lines, and later a ground assault (Operation Pleshet). The original plan was to attack on June 1–2, but this was canceled due to an impending ceasefire, and re-attempted on June 2–3. The Israelis, under the Givati Brigade's umbrella command, attacked in two main forces: one from the north (3 companies) and one from the south (4 reinforced companies). The Israelis had little intelligence on their enemy and were forced to retreat. They failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties. However, following the operation, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards.\n\nTwo unsettled historiographic debates exist revolving around the operation: whether the Egyptians were intending to advance toward Tel Aviv, which most historians agree was not the case; and whether the operation was a turning point on the Israeli southern front. Traditional Israeli historiography, supported by early Arab accounts, maintains that it was a turning point, while later Arab sources, and some New Historians, dispute this. Morris views the halt as a turning point, but doesn't believe the operation by itself \"was the crucial action.\"","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1377859533,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-01T15:42:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pleshet","wikidata_qid":"Q293479","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49092","label":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","id":"1948-arab-israeli-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"},{"id":"operation-yoav","title":"Operation Yoav","date_start":"1948-10-15"},{"id":"operation-dani","title":"Operation Dani","date_start":"1948-01-01"},{"id":"operation-hiram","title":"Operation Hiram","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"operation-horev","title":"Operation Horev","date_start":"1948-12-22"}],"nearby":[{"id":"zikim-attack","title":"Zikim attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":22.1,"bearing":218},{"id":"netiv-haasara-massacre","title":"Netiv HaAsara massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":24.6,"bearing":209},{"id":"2006-israeli-operation-in-beit-hanoun","title":"2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun","date_start":"2006-11-08","km":27.9,"bearing":206},{"id":"palestinian-expulsion-from-lydda-and-ramle","title":"Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle","date_start":"1948-07-01","km":28.1,"bearing":45},{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-the-northern-gaza-strip","title":"2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip","date_start":"2004-09-29","km":28.2,"bearing":205}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-israeli-conflict","title":"Arab–Israeli conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"gaza-israel-conflict","title":"Gaza–Israel conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"israeli-declaration-of-independence","title":"Israeli Declaration of Independence","date_start":"1948-05-14"},{"id":"kfar-etzion-massacre","title":"Kfar Etzion massacre","date_start":"1948-05-13"},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1948","title":"Battle of Haifa (1948)","date_start":"1948-04-21"}]}},"amiriyah-shelter-bombing":{"extract":"An aerial bombing attack killed at least 408 civilians on 13 February 1991 during the Gulf War, when an air-raid shelter (\"Public Shelter No. 25\") in the Amiriyah neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq, was destroyed by the U.S. Air Force with two GBU-27 Paveway III laser-guided bombs. Human Rights Watch characterised the bombing as a war crime.\n\nThe U.S. Department of Defense stated that it knew the facility had been used as a civil-defense shelter during the Iran–Iraq War, while the U.S. military maintained it had been converted into a command center or a military personnel bunker.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379573907,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T20:19:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q2071090","wikidata_classes":["massacre","airstrike"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q37643","label":"Gulf War","id":"gulf-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-73-easting","title":"Battle of 73 Easting","date_start":"1991-02-26"},{"id":"battle-of-medina-ridge","title":"Battle of Medina Ridge","date_start":"1991-02-27"},{"id":"battle-of-norfolk","title":"Battle of Norfolk","date_start":"1991-02-27"},{"id":"battle-of-khafji","title":"Battle of Khafji","date_start":"1991-01-29"},{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"}],"nearby":[{"id":"assassination-of-qasem-soleimani","title":"Assassination of Qasem Soleimani","date_start":"2020-01-03","km":4.9,"bearing":208},{"id":"nisour-square-massacre","title":"Nisour Square massacre","date_start":"2007-09-16","km":7,"bearing":85},{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31","km":10.7,"bearing":89},{"id":"december-2019-united-states-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01","km":10.7,"bearing":89},{"id":"january-2021-baghdad-bombings","title":"January 2021 Baghdad bombings","date_start":"2021-01-21","km":12.8,"bearing":73}]}},"istanbul-nightclub-shooting":{"extract":"The Istanbul nightclub shooting (also known as Reina massacre in Turkey) was a mass shooting that occurred on 1 January 2017 around 01:15 local time, in which a terrorist shot and killed 39 people and wounded 79 others at the Reina nightclub in the Ortaköy neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey, where hundreds had been celebrating New Year's Day. Uzbekistan-born Abdulkadir Masharipov was arrested in Istanbul on 17 January 2017. Islamic State claimed credit for his actions. The first hearing in the trial of Masharipov and 51 accused accomplices was held on 11 December 2017, and the next hearing was held on 26 March 2018.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375713766,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-19T15:23:51Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting","wikidata_qid":"Q28094271","wikidata_classes":["mass shooting","terrorist attack","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"in which a terrorist shot and killed","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the gunman in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["in which a terrorist shot and killed"]},"highlights":[{"text":"in which a terrorist shot and killed","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2016-besiktas-bombings","title":"2016 Beşiktaş bombings","date_start":"2016-12-10","km":3.5,"bearing":252},{"id":"assassination-of-hrant-dink","title":"Assassination of Hrant Dink","date_start":"2007-01-19","km":3.8,"bearing":275},{"id":"bloody-sunday-1969","title":"Bloody Sunday (1969)","date_start":"1969-02-16","km":4.2,"bearing":250},{"id":"istanbul-pogrom","title":"Istanbul pogrom","date_start":"1955-09-06","km":4.2,"bearing":250},{"id":"killing-of-jamal-khashoggi","title":"Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi","date_start":"2018-10-02","km":4.4,"bearing":337}],"same_time":[{"id":"2017-jerusalem-truck-attack","title":"2017 Jerusalem truck attack","date_start":"2017-01-08"},{"id":"assassination-of-andrei-karlov","title":"Assassination of Andrei Karlov","date_start":"2016-12-19"},{"id":"botroseya-church-bombing","title":"Botroseya Church bombing","date_start":"2016-12-11"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-december-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (December 2016)","date_start":"2016-12-08"},{"id":"aleppo-offensive-november-december-2016","title":"Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)","date_start":"2016-11-15"}]}},"battle-of-kirkuk-2017":{"extract":"The Battle of Kirkuk, codenamed Operation Enforcing Security of the 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, was a military deployment by the Iraqi Security Forces to retake Kirkuk Governorate from the Peshmerga after the latter ignored repeated warnings to withdraw, sparking clashes between the two forces. The advance began on 15 October 2017, with the city of Kirkuk being retaken upon entry of the Iraqi forces as the Kurds fled immediately. Five days later the entirety of the governorate was under full control of the Iraqi forces; meanwhile, other Iraqi forces continued their advances in subsequent days, defeating the Peshmerga forces across vast swathes of territory in northern Iraq.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380732038,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-17T14:23:08Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2017)","wikidata_qid":"Q42103453","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q42161041","label":"2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-raqqa-2017","title":"Battle of Raqqa (2017)","date_start":"2017-10-17"},{"id":"2017-kurdistan-region-independence-referendum","title":"2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum","date_start":"2017-09-25"},{"id":"2017-sinai-mosque-attack","title":"2017 Sinai mosque attack","date_start":"2017-11-24"},{"id":"battle-of-tal-afar-2017","title":"Battle of Tal Afar (2017)","date_start":"2017-09-02"},{"id":"united-states-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel","title":"United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel","date_start":"2017-12-06"}]}},"kfar-aza-massacre":{"extract":"On 7 October 2023, around 250 Hamas and other Palestinian militants attacked Kfar Aza, an Israeli kibbutz (cooperative community) about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the border with the Gaza Strip, massacring residents and abducting hostages. It took two days for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to regain full control of the area, by which point at least 62 residents had been killed, while a further 19 were taken hostage.\n\nThe attack quickly gained notoriety as a result of war crimes documented by survivor testimonies, forensic evidence, and captured militants footage. Hamas militants engaged in several violations of combatant distinctions under international law, including shooting civilians taking shelter in safe rooms, sexually assaulting hostages. Militants shot victims inside their homes. A widely circulated claim that militants had decapitated 40 babies at the kibbutz was later shown to be false.\n\nPrior to the massacre, the Kibbutz had 950 residents.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381508631,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T00:24:38Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q123003698","wikidata_classes":["massacre","terrorist attack","kidnapping","hate crime"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122976243","label":"October 7 attacks","id":"october-7-attacks"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"ein-hashlosha-massacre","title":"Ein HaShlosha massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"holit-attack","title":"Holit attack","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kissufim-massacre","title":"Kissufim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}],"nearby":[{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":3.7,"bearing":250},{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-the-northern-gaza-strip","title":"2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip","date_start":"2004-09-29","km":5.7,"bearing":5},{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26","km":5.7,"bearing":276},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17","km":5.7,"bearing":276},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01","km":5.7,"bearing":276}],"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"gaza-genocide","title":"Gaza genocide","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"kidnapping-and-killing-of-the-bibas-family","title":"Kidnapping and murder of the Bibas family","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"world-war-i":{"extract":"World War I, or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, World War I caused 15 to 22 million deaths, including those resulting from war crimes and genocides. The war also contributed to the spread of the Spanish flu pandemic. The conflict saw important developments in weaponry, including machine guns, artillery, aircraft, chemical weapons, and tanks.\n\nThe causes of World War I included the rise of the German Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, and the exacerbation of imperial rivalries, as reflected in new alliances and an arms race between the great powers. Tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on 28 July, upon which the Russian Empire mobilised in Serbia's defence. In early August, Germany declared war on Russia and France; the United Kingdom entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, but its advance was halted in September, and the Western Front solidified into a near-continuous line of fortified trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November, which was followed by a failed Allied campaign at Gallipoli. Japan and Italy also joined the Allies.\n\nMajor battles, including those at Verdun, the Somme, and Passchendaele, failed to break the stalemate on the Western Front. In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in the October Revolution; Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched a spring offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, the Allies had signed armistices with the Ottomans and with Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.\n\nThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large war reparations to the Allies. The collapse of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires resulted in new national boundaries and the creation of new independent states including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379529706,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T14:37:01Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I","wikidata_qid":"Q361","wikidata_classes":["world war","historical period","war"],"date_flags":["date_source_adjusted: Wikidata P585 1918-11-11 equals the item's end time (P582); used P580 start time 1914-07-28"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i","title":"Middle Eastern theatre of World War I","date_start":"1914-10-30"},{"id":"battle-of-sarikamish","title":"Battle of Sarikamish","date_start":"1914-12-22"},{"id":"raid-on-the-suez-canal","title":"Raid on the Suez Canal","date_start":"1915-01-26"},{"id":"landing-at-anzac-cove","title":"Landing at Anzac Cove","date_start":"1915-04-25"},{"id":"battle-of-bitlis","title":"Battle of Bitlis","date_start":"1915-07-01"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"},{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"},{"id":"battle-of-erzincan-1916","title":"Battle of Erzincan (1916)","date_start":"1916-07-02"},{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"},{"id":"battle-of-rafa","title":"Battle of Rafa","date_start":"1917-01-09"},{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17"},{"id":"occupation-of-constantinople","title":"Occupation of Constantinople","date_start":"1918-11-13"}]},"goharshad-mosque-rebellion":{"extract":"The Goharshad Mosque rebellion (Persian: واقعه مسجد گوهرشاد) took place in August 1935, when a backlash against the westernizing and secularist policies of Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty erupted at Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1373621970,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-06T23:44:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion","wikidata_qid":"Q11161771","wikidata_classes":["rebellion"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"operation-musketeer-1956":{"extract":"Operation Musketeer (French: Opération Mousquetaire) was the Anglo-French plan for the invasion of the Suez Canal Zone to capture the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis in 1956. The operation had initially been given the codename Operation Hamilcar, but this name was quickly dropped when it was found that the British were painting an air recognition letter H on their vehicles, while the French, who spelled Hamilcar differently, were painting an A. Musketeer was chosen as a replacement because it started with M in both languages. Israel, which invaded the Sinai Peninsula, had the additional objectives of opening the Straits of Tiran and halting fedayeen incursions into Israel. The Anglo-French military operation was originally planned for early September, but the necessity of coordination with Israel delayed it until early November. However, on 10 September British and French politicians and Chiefs of the General Staff agreed to adopt General Charles Keightley's alterations to the military plans with the intention of reducing Egyptian civilian casualties. The new plan, renamed Musketeer Revise, provided the basis of the actual Suez operation.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381689144,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T04:10:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)","wikidata_qid":"Q2915155","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49101","label":"Suez Crisis","id":"suez-crisis"}]},"iran-israel-proxy-conflict":{"extract":"Iran and Israel have been engaged in a proxy conflict since 1985. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia militias, most notably Hezbollah. In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iran has backed Palestinian groups such as Hamas. Israel has supported Iranian rebels, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria, assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists, and directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria. In 2024 the proxy war escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries, and in June 2025, they fought a 12-day war, involving the United States. In 2026, Israel and the United States again engaged in another conflict against Iran in the 2026 Iran war, which caused series of spillovers in Iranian strikes on Arab countries and the 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis.\n\nMotivated by the periphery doctrine, Imperial Iran and Israel had close relations, seeing Arab powers as a common threat. After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War. Iran trained and armed Hezbollah to resist the Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and continued to back Shia militias throughout the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted to form close relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas. Israel fought a war with Hezbollah in 2006. Israel has fought several wars with Palestinians in and around the Gaza Strip: in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, 2021 and since 2023. The 1982 Lebanon War and Gaza war have been the deadliest wars of the Arab–Israeli conflict.\n\nVarious reasons have been given for the Iran–Israel conflict. Iran and Israel had previously enjoyed warm ties due to common threats, but by the 1990s the USSR had dissolved and Iraq had been weakened. Iranian Islamists have long championed the Palestinian people, whom they perceive as oppressed. Scholars believe that by supporting the Palestinians, Iran seeks greater acceptance among Sunnis and Arabs, both of whom dominate the Middle East. At times, Iran has supported the one-state and the two-state solution as a response to the plight of Palestinians, while the country has also used more inflammatory language to predict Israel's demise. Israel sees Iran as an existential threat. Israel has accused Iran of harboring genocidal intentions, while Iran has accused Israel of conducting a genocide in Gaza. Consequently, Israel has sought sanctions and military action against Iran to stop it from acquiring nuclear weapons. News outlets expressed how Iranian proxy militias stayed largely silent and left Iran \"isolated in war\" during the 2025 war with Israel.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381075606,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T21:25:07Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict","wikidata_qid":"Q15059994","wikidata_classes":["proxy war","war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q138772633","label":"Iran–Israel conflict"}],"includes":[{"id":"lebanese-civil-war","title":"Lebanese Civil War","date_start":"1975-04-13"},{"id":"operation-house-of-cards","title":"Operation House of Cards","date_start":"2018-05-10"},{"id":"syria-missile-strikes-september-2018","title":"Syria missile strikes (September 2018)","date_start":"2018-09-17"},{"id":"attacks-on-us-bases-during-the-middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present","title":"Attacks on US bases during the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-18"},{"id":"april-2024-iranian-strikes-on-israel","title":"April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel","date_start":"2024-04-13"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"twelve-day-war","title":"Twelve-Day War","date_start":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"2026-iran-war","title":"2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"israeli-occupation-of-southern-lebanon-1982-2000","title":"Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"israeli-withdrawal-from-lebanon","title":"South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"operation-moses","title":"Operation Moses","date_start":"1984-11-21"},{"id":"1985-iranian-presidential-election","title":"1985 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1985-08-16"}]}},"1968-israeli-raid-on-beirut-airport":{"extract":"Operation Gift (Hebrew: מבצע תשורה, mivtza t'shura) was an Israeli Special Forces operation at the Beirut International Airport on the evening of 28 December 1968, in retaliation for the attack on the Israeli Airliner El Al Flight 253 two days earlier and the hijacking of El Al Flight 426 five months earlier, both by the Lebanon and Syria-based Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).\n\nThe commandos from the Israeli Defence Forces elite Sayeret Matkal destroyed 12 passenger airplanes belonging to Middle East Airlines (MEA) and Lebanese International Airways (LIA) and two cargo planes belonging to Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA). There were no casualties reported in the raid.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1373151918,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-04T08:30:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Beirut_Airport","wikidata_qid":"Q2655859","wikidata_classes":["military raid","airstrike","armed conflict","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q7127419","label":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"avivim-school-bus-bombing","title":"Avivim school bus bombing","date_start":"1970-05-22"},{"id":"ma-alot-massacre","title":"Ma'alot massacre","date_start":"1974-05-15"},{"id":"coastal-road-massacre","title":"Coastal road massacre","date_start":"1978-03-11"}],"same_time":[{"id":"bloody-sunday-1969","title":"Bloody Sunday (1969)","date_start":"1969-02-16"},{"id":"1968-iraqi-coup-d-tat","title":"17 July Revolution","date_start":"1968-07-17"}]}},"january-2005-iraqi-parliamentary-election":{"extract":"Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 30 January 2005 to elect the new National Assembly, alongside governorate elections and a parliamentary election in Kurdistan Region. The 275-member legislature had been created under the Transitional Law during the international occupation. The newly elected body was given a mandate to write a new constitution and exercise legislative functions until the new constitution came into effect. The elections also led to the formation of the Iraqi Transitional Government.\n\nThe United Iraqi Alliance, tacitly backed by Shia Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, emerged as the largest bloc with 48% of the vote and 140 out of the total 275 seats. The Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan was in second place with 26%, whilst interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi's party, the Iraqi List, came third with 14%. In total, twelve parties received enough votes to win a seat in the assembly.\n\nLow turnout amongst Sunni Arabs threatened the legitimacy of the elections, with voter turnout as low as 2% in Al Anbar Governorate. More than 100 armed attacks on polling places took place, killing at least 44 people (including nine suicide bombers) across the country, including at least 20 in Baghdad.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1372860917,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-02T17:06:23Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election","wikidata_qid":"Q2297120","wikidata_classes":["Iraqi parliamentary election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"assassination-of-rafic-hariri","title":"Assassination of Rafic Hariri","date_start":"2005-02-14"},{"id":"cedar-revolution","title":"Cedar Revolution","date_start":"2005-02-14"},{"id":"2005-palestinian-presidential-election","title":"2005 Palestinian presidential election","date_start":"2005-01-09"},{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"2004-sinai-bombings","title":"2004 Sinai bombings","date_start":"2004-10-07"}]}},"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war":{"extract":"From September 2015 until December 2024, Russia conducted a military intervention in the Syrian civil war, following a request by Ba'athist Syria under Bashar al-Assad for support against the Syrian opposition and Islamic State (IS). The Russian Armed Forces' first conflict beyond the former Soviet Union since its dissolution; analysts pointed to strategic aims including limiting United States influence in the Middle East, access to the Eastern Mediterranean, and military capacity for other theaters of the Middle East, such as the Red Sea and Libya.\n\nPre-intervention, government forces controlled 26% of Syria. Russian involvement had included diplomatic support for Assad and billions of US dollars' worth of materiel for the Syrian Arab Armed Forces. The intervention began with airstrikes focused on Free Syrian Army militias. Russian ground support included special forces, advisors and private military companies like the Wagner Group. Russia declared the strikes a \"war against terrorism\", but used scorched earth methods against civilians. Putin defined Russia's goals as \"stabilising the legitimate power in Syria and creating the conditions for political compromise\", while a speculated aim was capturing territories from US-UK-Arab-backed militias. Syrian territory under Assad's control shrank from 26% to 17% by 2017.\n\nBy January 2017, the Russian Air Force was claimed to have carried out 19,160 air combat missions, delivering 71,000 strikes. In 2016, over 80% of strikes targeted opposition militias fighting IS. The intervention saw concrete gains for the Assad government from late 2016 to 2020: the recapture of Aleppo from the Army of Conquest, and Palmyra and Deir ez-Zor from IS in 2017, the 2018 Southern offensive, and the North-Western offensive. In December 2017, Russia announced its troops would be deployed to Syria permanently.\n\nThe air campaign until 2018 was characterized by three ranges. Long Range Aviation and the Black Sea Fleet used Kh-101 and Kalibr missiles respectively. Mid-range strikes used Su-24 and Su-34 tactical bombers. Close air support included Su-25s and Mil Mi-24 helicopters. By April 2018, Russian airstrikes reportedly killed over 7,700 civilians, about a quarter of them children, apart from 4,749 opposition fighters and 4,893 IS fighters. International and human rights bodies accused Russia of committing war crimes, targeting civilians, hospitals, schools, carpet bombing, and double tap strikes on relief workers. Weapons used included unguided bombs, cluster bombs, incendiaries similar to white phosphorus and thermobaric weapons.\n\nCountries with ties to Russia, as well as Israel, Jordan and Egypt, either voiced support or stayed neutral. The US, UK and France, as well as Turkey and most Gulf states, condemned the Russian intervention, Russian war crimes, and complicity with the Ba'athist Syria's war crimes. The US imposed economic sanctions against Russia.\n\nIn November 2024, amid the dramatically escalated Russo-Ukrainian war, a renewal of Russian airstrikes failed to halt sweeping Syrian opposition offensives against government forces. Russia began to withdraw forces, by then consisting of special forces, base security and an aviation unit, and the fall of the Assad regime followed in December.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381715202,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T08:59:31Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war","wikidata_qid":"Q21032720","wikidata_classes":["military intervention","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q5468411","label":"foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war"},{"qid":"Q17507684","label":"War against the Islamic State","id":"war-against-the-islamic-state"},{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"includes":[{"id":"palmyra-offensive-march-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (March 2016)","date_start":"2016-03-09"},{"id":"rif-dimashq-offensive-february-april-2018","title":"Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)","date_start":"2018-04-14"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2015-al-hawl-offensive","title":"2015 al-Hawl offensive","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"2015-russian-sukhoi-su-24-shootdown","title":"2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown","date_start":"2015-11-24"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13"},{"id":"battle-of-idlib-2015","title":"Battle of Idlib (2015)","date_start":"2015-03-28"},{"id":"2015-2016-latakia-offensive","title":"2015–2016 Latakia offensive","date_start":"2015-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10"},{"id":"metrojet-flight-9268","title":"Metrojet Flight 9268","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"november-2015-turkish-general-election","title":"November 2015 Turkish general election","date_start":"2015-11-01"},{"id":"2015-2016-lebanese-protests","title":"2015–2016 Lebanese protests","date_start":"2015-08-22"},{"id":"2015-beirut-bombings","title":"2015 Beirut bombings","date_start":"2015-11-12"}]}}}