{"avivim-school-bus-bombing":{"extract":"The Avivim school bus bombing was a terrorist attack on an Israeli school bus on 22 May 1970, in which 12 civilians were killed, nine of them children, and 25 were wounded, one of whom died of a wound sustained in the attack 44 years later. The attack took place on the road to Moshav Avivim, near Israel's border with Lebanon. Two rocket-propelled grenades were fired at the bus. The attack was one of the first carried out by the PFLP-GC.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1345694212,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-03-27T15:48:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q791186","wikidata_classes":["terrorist attack","Palestinian political violence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"was a terrorist attack","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the attack, in the defining sentence, in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["was a terrorist attack"]},"highlights":[{"text":"was a terrorist attack","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q7127419","label":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1968-israeli-raid-on-beirut-airport","title":"1968 Israeli raid on Beirut Airport","date_start":"1968-12-28"},{"id":"ma-alot-massacre","title":"Ma'alot massacre","date_start":"1974-05-15"},{"id":"coastal-road-massacre","title":"Coastal road massacre","date_start":"1978-03-11"}],"nearby":[{"id":"safsaf-massacre","title":"Safsaf massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29","km":6,"bearing":159},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01","km":19.3,"bearing":27},{"id":"qana-massacre","title":"Qana massacre","date_start":"1996-04-18","km":20,"bearing":325},{"id":"2006-qana-airstrike","title":"2006 Qana airstrike","date_start":"2006-07-30","km":20.6,"bearing":326},{"id":"kiryat-shmona-massacre","title":"Kiryat Shmona massacre","date_start":"1974-04-11","km":21.7,"bearing":38}],"same_time":[{"id":"bahr-el-baqar-primary-school-bombing","title":"Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing","date_start":"1970-04-08"},{"id":"black-september-in-jordan","title":"Black September","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"dawson-s-field-hijackings","title":"Dawson's Field hijackings","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"aeroflot-flight-244","title":"Aeroflot Flight 244","date_start":"1970-10-15"},{"id":"1970-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"1970 Syrian coup d'etat","date_start":"1970-11-13"}]}},"battle-of-nasiriyah":{"extract":"The Battle of Nasiriyah was fought between the US 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade and Iraqi forces from 23 March to 2 April 2003 during the US-led invasion of Iraq. On the night of 24–25 March, the bulk of the Marines of Regimental Combat Team 1 passed through the city over the bridges and attacked north towards Baghdad. Other elements remained in the city to fight its defenders, who put up stiff resistance and inflicted several dozen casualties on coalition forces, more than in most other battles during the invasion. Resistance ceased on 1 April.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379716551,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-11T14:48:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah","wikidata_qid":"Q718851","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q107802","label":"2003 invasion of Iraq","id":"invasion-of-iraq"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-karbala-2003","title":"Battle of Karbala (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2003","title":"Battle of Najaf (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-24"},{"id":"battle-of-basra-2003","title":"Battle of Basra (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-umm-qasr","title":"Battle of Umm Qasr","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-al-faw-2003","title":"Battle of Al Faw (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-20"}],"same_time":[{"id":"anbar-campaign-2003-2011","title":"Anbar campaign (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"iraq-war","title":"Iraq War","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"iraqi-conflict","title":"Iraqi conflict","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"2003-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2003 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2003-01-28"},{"id":"2002-turkish-general-election","title":"2002 Turkish general election","date_start":"2002-11-03"}]}},"metrojet-flight-9268":{"extract":"Metrojet Flight 9268 was an international chartered passenger flight operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia (branded as Metrojet). On 31 October 2015, at 06:13 EST (04:13 UTC), the Airbus A321 operating the flight exploded above the northern Sinai Peninsula following its departure from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, en route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. All 224 passengers and crew on board were killed, making it the deadliest plane crash to involve the Airbus A320 family and the deadliest to occur in Egypt. Russian investigators concluded that the cause of the crash was most likely an onboard explosive device.\n\nThe passengers, most of whom were tourists, included 212 Russians, four Ukrainians and one Belarusian. The crew of seven were all Russian. Investigators believed that a bomb was placed in the aircraft at Sharm El Sheikh, with the goal of causing airlines to suspend flights to and from the airport.\n\nShortly after the crash, the Islamic State's Sinai Branch (IS-SP), previously known as Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, assumed responsibility for the incident, which occurred in the vicinity of the Sinai insurgency. IS-SP assumed responsibility on Twitter, on video and in a statement by Abu Osama al-Masri, the leader of the group's Sinai branch. IS posted photos of what it said was the bomb in Dabiq, its online magazine.\n\nBy 4 November 2015, British and American authorities suspected that a bomb was responsible for the crash. On 8 November 2015, an anonymous member of the Egyptian investigation team said that the investigators were \"90 percent sure\" that the jet was destroyed by a bomb. Lead investigator Ayman al-Muqaddam said that other possible causes of the crash included a fuel explosion, metal fatigue and lithium batteries overheating. The Russian Federal Security Service announced on 17 November 2015 that it was a terrorist attack caused by an improvised bomb containing the equivalent of up to 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of TNT. The Russians said they found evidence of explosive residue. On 24 February 2016, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi acknowledged that terrorism caused the crash.\n\nIn March 2020, an Egyptian appeals court ruled that the crash was not an act of terrorism, and it dismissed lawsuits against government officials, Metrojet and Ingosstrakh. The court ruled that the identities of the 224 victims had not been officially established and that it was thus impossible to issue compensation. No final report has been produced.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381566240,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T10:41:34Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268","wikidata_qid":"Q21282782","wikidata_classes":["aviation accident","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"november-2015-turkish-general-election","title":"November 2015 Turkish general election","date_start":"2015-11-01"},{"id":"2015-beirut-bombings","title":"2015 Beirut bombings","date_start":"2015-11-12"},{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10"},{"id":"2015-russian-sukhoi-su-24-shootdown","title":"2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown","date_start":"2015-11-24"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"}]}},"killing-of-hind-rajab":{"extract":"Hind Rami Iyad Rajab (Arabic: هند رامي إياد رجب; 3 May 2018 – 29 January 2024) was a five-year-old Palestinian girl in the Gaza Strip who was killed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), which also killed six of her family members and two paramedics coming to her rescue, during the Gaza war.\n\nOn 29 January 2024, Rajab and her family were fleeing Gaza City when their vehicle was shelled by the IDF, killing her uncle, aunt and three cousins, with Rajab and another cousin surviving and contacting the Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) to ask for help while noting that they were being attacked by an Israeli tank. The cousin was later also killed and Rajab was left stranded in the vehicle for hours on the phone, as paramedics from PRCS attempted to rescue her. Both Rajab and the paramedics were later also found dead on 10 February after an Israeli withdrawal.\n\nIsrael claimed that there were not any troops present in the neighborhood and denied carrying out the attack. However, this was refuted by The Washington Post and Sky News's investigations relying on satellite imagery and visual evidence, which concluded that a number of Israeli tanks were indeed present and one had likely fired 335 rounds on the car that Rajab and her family had been in, with tank operators being able to see that the car had civilians including children in it. The Forensic Architecture investigation also concluded that an Israeli tank had also likely attacked the ambulance that came for Rajab.\n\nIn the aftermath of the killing, many Western media outlets were criticized for not attributing who killed Rajab and for their adultification of her. American student protestors occupied and renamed Hamilton Hall in her honor at Columbia University, drawing increased attention to the killings. The feature film The Voice of Hind Rajab (2025) follows the story of her killing.\n\nOn 19 August 2026, the Israeli Defense Force finally admitted its soldiers had fired upon the car taking Hind and announced that they had launched a criminal investigation into her death; Hind's family has shown skepticism that justice would be served from the investigation.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1377272835,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-28T17:02:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab","wikidata_qid":"Q124477340","wikidata_classes":["war crime","massacre","deliberate murder"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Well documented (independent investigations; the IDF later admitted firing), with one editorial touch (\"finally admitted\").","highlights":["finally admitted"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"this was refuted by The Washington Post and Sky News's investigations","note":"Israel's denial is said to be \"refuted\", a verb that presents the investigations' conclusion as settled."},{"guideline":"EDITORIAL","guideline_name":"Editorializing","shortcut":"MOS:EDITORIAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Editorializing","phrase":"Israeli tanks were indeed present","note":"\"Indeed\" affirms one side's account in Wikipedia's own voice."},{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"finally admitted","note":"\"Finally admitted\" implies culpability and delay in Wikipedia's own voice."}],"highlights":["this was refuted by The Washington Post and Sky News's investigations","Israeli tanks were indeed present","finally admitted"]},"highlights":[{"text":"finally admitted","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"this was refuted by The Washington Post and Sky News's investigations","kind":"wording"},{"text":"Israeli tanks were indeed present","kind":"wording"},{"text":"finally admitted","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"},{"qid":"Q124086054","label":"Gaza genocide","id":"gaza-genocide"},{"qid":"Q123036458","label":"Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip","id":"israeli-invasion-of-the-gaza-strip"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"flour-massacre","title":"Flour Massacre","date_start":"2024-02-29"},{"id":"killing-of-alon-shamriz-yotam-haim-and-samer-talalka","title":"Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka","date_start":"2023-12-15"},{"id":"world-central-kitchen-aid-convoy-attack","title":"World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack","date_start":"2024-04-01"},{"id":"2023-gaza-war-ceasefire","title":"2023 Gaza war ceasefire","date_start":"2023-11-24"},{"id":"april-2024-iranian-strikes-on-israel","title":"April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel","date_start":"2024-04-13"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-gaza-2007","title":"Battle of Gaza (2007)","date_start":"2007-06-10","km":1.3,"bearing":75},{"id":"al-shifa-hospital-siege","title":"Al-Shifa Hospital siege","date_start":"2023-11-01","km":1.3,"bearing":25},{"id":"al-shati-refugee-camp-airstrikes","title":"Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes","date_start":"2023-10-12","km":2.2,"bearing":21},{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17","km":2.5,"bearing":112},{"id":"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike","title":"Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike","date_start":"2023-10-19","km":2.6,"bearing":116}],"same_time":[{"id":"tower-22-drone-attack","title":"Tower 22 drone attack","date_start":"2024-01-28"},{"id":"operation-marg-bar-sarmachar","title":"Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar","date_start":"2024-01-18"},{"id":"2024-iranian-missile-strikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2024-01-15"},{"id":"us-uk-airstrikes-on-yemen","title":"US–UK airstrikes on Yemen","date_start":"2024-01-12"},{"id":"operation-aspides","title":"Operation Aspides","date_start":"2024-02-19"}]}},"israeli-attack-on-doha":{"extract":"On 9 September 2025, during the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conducted an airstrike in the Leqtaifiya district of Qatar's capital Doha, targeting the leadership of Hamas, housed in a Qatari government residential complex, as it met to discuss an active ceasefire proposal presented by the United States. The attack killed and injured Hamas members, Qatari security forces, and multiple civilians. The attack was Israel's first known attack in Qatar, and its first direct strike on a Gulf Cooperation Council member.\n\nAccording to reports, the intended targets included four senior Hamas figures: Khalil al-Hayya, Zaher Jabarin, Muhammad Ismail Darwish and Khaled Mashal. Those targeted were involved in negotiations for a ceasefire to the Gaza war and an Israeli–Palestinian prisoner–hostage exchange. The Israeli security establishment assessed that the strike aimed at assassinating Hamas leaders failed.\n\nThe attack was celebrated by politicians inside Israel, whose government said it was in response to the Ramot Junction shooting the day before. The attack was described by Qatar as an act of state terrorism. It was widely condemned internationally, including by the United Nations Security Council with U.S. backing.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375376100,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-17T12:37:46Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_attack_on_Doha","wikidata_qid":"Q136190686","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q122962941","label":"Gaza War","id":"2023-israel-hamas-war"},{"qid":"Q124373310","label":"Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","id":"middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"august-2025-israeli-attack-on-sanaa","title":"August 2025 Israeli attack on Sanaa","date_start":"2025-08-28"},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25"},{"id":"twelve-day-war","title":"Twelve-Day War","date_start":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"2026-iran-war","title":"2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"may-2025-gaza-offensive","title":"May 2025 Gaza offensive","date_start":"2025-05-17"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2025-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-10-05"},{"id":"gaza-peace-summit","title":"Gaza peace summit","date_start":"2025-10-13"},{"id":"southern-syria-clashes-july-september-2025","title":"Southern Syria clashes (July–September 2025)","date_start":"2025-07-13"},{"id":"2025-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-11-11"},{"id":"2025-iranian-strikes-on-al-udeid-air-base","title":"2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base","date_start":"2025-06-23"}]}},"20-hunchakian-gallows":{"extract":"The 20 Hunchakian gallows (Armenian: Քսան կախաղան, K'san kakhaghan, also \"The 20 Martyrs\" and \"The 20s\") were a group of Hunchakian activists who were hanged in the Sultan Beyazıt Square of Constantinople (now Istanbul) on June 15, 1915, during the Armenian genocide.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1367568838,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-03T21:51:09Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Hunchakian_gallows","wikidata_qid":"Q7711827","wikidata_classes":["execution by hanging","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"landing-at-anzac-cove","title":"Landing at Anzac Cove","date_start":"1915-04-25"},{"id":"armenian-genocide","title":"Armenian genocide","date_start":"1915-04-24"},{"id":"defense-of-van-1915","title":"Defense of Van (1915)","date_start":"1915-04-19"},{"id":"urfa-resistance","title":"Urfa resistance","date_start":"1915-09-29"},{"id":"gallipoli-campaign","title":"Gallipoli campaign","date_start":"1915-02-19"}]}},"dhofar-rebellion":{"extract":"The Dhofar rebellion, also known as the Dhofar War, or the 9 June revolution, was a revolution that began in 1965 in the Dhofar region of the Arabian Peninsula against British imperialism and Sultans Said ibn Taimur and Qaboos bin Said of the Al Bu Said dynasty in Oman. The conflict began with the formation of the Dhofar Liberation Front, a Marxist–Leninist group which aimed to create a people's democratic state in the Persian Gulf region. The rebels also held the broader goals of Arab nationalism, which included ending British influence in the region. Sultanic and British goals, on the other hand, were to halt \"the spread of communism\" as part of the broader Cold War.\n\nThe war initially took the form of a low-level insurgency, with guerrilla warfare being used against Anglo-Sultanic forces and the foreign presence in the country. Several factors, such as the British withdrawal from Aden and support from South Yemen and China, brought the rebels increased success, with the communists controlling the entirety of the region by the late 1960s.\n\nThe 1970 Omani coup d'état led to the overthrow of Sultan Said bin Taimur by his reformist son Qaboos bin Said, who was backed by a major British military intervention in the conflict. The British initiated a \"hearts and minds\" campaign to counter the communist rebels and began the process of modernising the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces (SAF) while simultaneously deploying the Special Air Service (SAS) to conduct anti-insurgency operations against the rebels. This approach led to a string of victories against the rebels and was boosted by the Shah of Iran's intervention in the conflict to support the Sultanate of Oman in 1973.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1377622172,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-30T05:57:26Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_rebellion","wikidata_qid":"Q2363565","wikidata_classes":["rebellion"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 1963 (1963-06-09) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [1965, 1970, 1973]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Calls it \"a revolution ... against British imperialism\" as fact and puts the government side's aim in scare quotes.","highlights":["against British imperialism"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"NPOV","guideline_name":"Avoid stating opinions as facts","shortcut":"WP:YESPOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ANeutral_point_of_view&oldid=1370393267#Explanation","phrase":"was a revolution that began in 1965","note":"After giving the names, the defining sentence calls the conflict \"a revolution\" in Wikipedia's own voice; the Sultanate's and Britain's stated goal is given."}],"highlights":["was a revolution that began in 1965"]},"highlights":[{"text":"against British imperialism","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"was a revolution that began in 1965","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783165","label":"Arab Cold War","id":"arab-cold-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1963-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"1963 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1963-03-08"},{"id":"north-yemen-civil-war","title":"North Yemen civil war","date_start":"1962-09-26"},{"id":"1964-hama-riot","title":"1964 Hama riot","date_start":"1964-04-01"},{"id":"1966-syrian-coup-d-tat","title":"1966 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1966-02-23"},{"id":"1959-mosul-uprising","title":"1959 Mosul uprising","date_start":"1959-03-07"}]}},"operation-defensive-shield":{"extract":"Operation Defensive Shield (Hebrew: מִבְצָע חוֹמַת מָגֵן Mīvtzāh Ḥōmat Māgēn) was a 2002 Israeli military operation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank during the Second Intifada. Lasting for just over a month, it was the largest combat operation in the territory since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.\n\nThe operation began with an Israeli incursion into Ramallah, where Yasser Arafat was placed under siege at his compound. This was followed by successive incursions into the six largest West Bank cities and their surrounding localities. Israel's military moved into Tulkarm and Qalqilya on April 1, into Bethlehem on April 2, and into Jenin and Nablus on April 3. From April 3 to 21, Israel enforced strict curfews on the Palestinian populace of the West Bank and restricted movements of international personnel, including prohibiting entry to humanitarian and medical personnel and human rights monitors and journalists.\n\nIn May 2002, Israel withdrew from Palestinian cities in the West Bank, but maintained cordons of troops around certain towns and villages, and also continued carrying out raids on Palestinian-populated areas.\n\nAccording to a report by the United Nations: \"Combatants on both sides conducted themselves in ways that, at times, placed civilians in harm's way. Much of the fighting during Operation Defensive Shield occurred in areas heavily populated by civilians and in many cases heavy weaponry was used.\"","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370631926,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T05:08:49Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield","wikidata_qid":"Q2276724","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49106","label":"Second Intifada","id":"second-intifada"}],"includes":[{"id":"battle-of-jenin-2002","title":"Battle of Jenin (2002)","date_start":"2002-01-01"},{"id":"siege-of-the-church-of-the-nativity","title":"Siege of the Church of the Nativity","date_start":"2002-04-02"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"passover-massacre","title":"Passover massacre","date_start":"2002-03-27"},{"id":"sbarro-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2001-08-09"},{"id":"dolphinarium-discotheque-bombing","title":"Dolphinarium discotheque bombing","date_start":"2001-06-01"},{"id":"maxim-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Maxim restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2003-10-04"},{"id":"2006-gaza-israel-conflict","title":"2006 Gaza–Israel conflict","date_start":"2006-01-01"}]}},"battle-of-samarra-2004":{"extract":"The Battle of Samarra, also called Operation Baton Rouge, took place in 2004 during the Iraq War. The city of Samarra in central Iraq had fallen under the control of insurgents shortly after insurgents had seized control of Fallujah and Ramadi. In preparation for an offensive to retake Fallujah, on 1 October, 5,000 American and Iraqi troops assaulted Samarra and secured the city after three days of fighting.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1378876758,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-06T17:35:25Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)","wikidata_qid":"Q4087318","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q545449","label":"Iraq War","id":"iraq-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"first-battle-of-fallujah","title":"First Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-04-04"},{"id":"abu-ghraib-torture-and-prisoner-abuse","title":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","date_start":"2004-04-01"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2004","title":"Battle of Najaf (2004)","date_start":"2004-01-01"},{"id":"capture-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Capture of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2003-12-13"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-the-northern-gaza-strip","title":"2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip","date_start":"2004-09-29"},{"id":"2004-sinai-bombings","title":"2004 Sinai bombings","date_start":"2004-10-07"},{"id":"2004-istanbul-nato-summit","title":"2004 Istanbul NATO summit","date_start":"2004-06-28"},{"id":"2005-palestinian-presidential-election","title":"2005 Palestinian presidential election","date_start":"2005-01-09"},{"id":"january-2005-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2005-01-30"}]}},"kidnapping-and-killing-of-the-bibas-family":{"extract":"During the Nir Oz attack, part of the 7 October 2023 attacks that began the Gaza war, Palestinian terrorists kidnapped the Bibas (Hebrew: בִּיבָּס) family from their home at the Nir Oz kibbutz in southern Israel. The family, which held multiple citizenship of Israel, Argentina, and Germany, comprised 34-year-old Yarden (יַרְדֵּן), his 32-year-old wife Shiri (שִׁירִי; née Silberman), and their sons, 4-year-old Ariel (אֲרִיאֵל) and 9-month-old Kfir (כְּפִיר). All four family members were held hostage in the Gaza Strip. Yarden Bibas was abducted separately from his wife and children and held by Hamas, while Shiri Bibas and her children were reportedly held by another militant group, the Mujahideen Brigades. Ariel and Kfir Bibas, two of the youngest hostages taken from Israel on 7 October, came to be regarded as symbols of the Gaza war hostage crisis.\n\nShiri Bibas's parents, José Luis (Yossi) Silberman and Margit Shnaider Silberman, were both killed in the Nir Oz attack. In November 2023, Hamas claimed that Shiri Bibas and her children had been killed in an Israeli airstrike. On 30 November, the last day of the 2023 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas offered to return their bodies and release Yarden Bibas, but Israel insisted that all living female hostages be released first. As part of the January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas released Yarden Bibas on 1 February 2025 after he had spent 484 days in captivity. On 20 February, it handed over coffins that it said contained the bodies of his wife and sons. Israel verified the remains of Ariel and Kfir Bibas through DNA testing but accused Hamas of violating the ceasefire agreement after finding that the female remains did not match Shiri Bibas or any other Israeli hostage still held by Hamas. Hamas handed over another body the following day, which DNA testing confirmed as that of Shiri Bibas. Argentina held two days of national mourning. To mark the funeral of Shiri, Ariel, and Kfir Bibas on 26 February, buildings and monuments in the Western world were illuminated in orange, the color of the boys' hair. Shiri Bibas and her sons were buried alongside her parents in Tsoher Regional Cemetery, near their former home.\n\nContradicting claims by Hamas that Shiri Bibas and her children had been killed in an Israeli airstrike, the Israeli government said that forensic evidence indicated that they were killed by their captors and that their corpses were mutilated to simulate injuries from a bombing. Although it did not release the evidence to the public, Israel said it had shared evidence with its international partners. Hamas accused Israel of \"baseless lies\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1381509446,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T00:30:52Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_the_Bibas_family","wikidata_qid":"Q123907413","wikidata_classes":["kidnapping","war crime"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"Palestinian terrorists kidnapped","note":"Uses \"terrorists\" for the kidnappers in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."},{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"Hamas claimed that Shiri Bibas and her children had been killed","note":"Hamas \"claimed\" its account, while the Israeli government \"said\" its own; elsewhere Israel \"insisted\", so the uneven verbs run both ways."}],"highlights":["Palestinian terrorists kidnapped","Hamas claimed that Shiri Bibas and her children had been killed"]},"highlights":[{"text":"Palestinian terrorists kidnapped","kind":"wording"},{"text":"Hamas claimed that Shiri Bibas and her children had been killed","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q123025873","label":"Nir Oz attack","id":"nir-oz-attack"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"iran-air-flight-655":{"extract":"Iran Air Flight 655 was an international scheduled passenger flight from Tehran to Dubai via Bandar Abbas that was shot down on 3 July 1988 by two surface-to-air missiles fired by USS Vincennes, a United States Navy warship. The missiles hit the Iran Air aircraft, an Airbus A300, while it was flying its usual route over Iran's territorial waters in the Persian Gulf, shortly after the flight departed its stopover location, Bandar Abbas International Airport. All 290 people on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest airliner shootdowns of all time, the deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus aircraft of any type, and the deadliest aviation incident in Iranian history.\n\nThe shootdown occurred during the Iran–Iraq War, which had been ongoing for nearly eight years. Vincennes had entered Iranian territorial waters after one of its helicopters drew warning fire from Iranian speedboats operating within Iranian territorial limits. The reason for the downing has been disputed between the governments of the two countries.\n\nAccording to the United States, Vincennes's crew misidentified the aircraft as an F-14 Tomcat, a US-made fighter jet part of the Iranian inventory, despite it transmitting civilian identification codes. They assert that Vincennes and other warships repeatedly tried to contact the aircraft on both civilian and military air distress frequencies, but received no response. Bandar Abbas acted as a joint civil/military airport, and Flight 655 had departed behind schedule. The Iranian government maintains that the US recklessly shot down the aircraft, violating international law, after repeatedly provoking the Iranian forces. Some analysts blamed the overly aggressive attitude of Vincennes's captain, William C. Rogers III, while others focused on more widespread issues and miscommunications on board.\n\nThe United States was criticized for the downing, especially in its initial response. Although not issuing a formal apology, American president Ronald Reagan issued a written diplomatic note to Iran, expressing deep regret. In 1996, both governments reached a settlement in the International Court of Justice in which the US agreed to pay US$61.8 million (equivalent to $127 million in 2025) on an ex gratia basis to the families of the victims and two A300B4-600 as compensation for Iran Air. As part of the settlement, the US did not admit liability for the shootdown.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1378191260,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T11:29:31Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655","wikidata_qid":"Q743060","wikidata_classes":["aircraft shootdown","aviation accident"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"operation-mersad","title":"Operation Mersad","date_start":"1988-07-26"},{"id":"operation-praying-mantis","title":"Operation Praying Mantis","date_start":"1988-04-18"},{"id":"second-battle-of-al-faw","title":"Second Battle of al-Faw","date_start":"1988-04-17"},{"id":"halabja-massacre","title":"Halabja massacre","date_start":"1988-03-16"},{"id":"1988-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1988 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1988-11-01"}]}},"17-october-revolution":{"extract":"The 17 October Protests, commonly referred to as the 17 October Revolution or Hirak or Thawrah (Arabic: ثورة 17 تشرين الأول, romanized: thawrat 17 tishrīn al-ʾawwal, lit. '17 October revolution'), were a series of civil protests in Lebanon that began after the Lebanese cabinet announced financial measures on 17 October 2019. These nationwide protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp, but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, the stagnation of the economy, unemployment (which reached 46% in 2018), endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy) and failures of the government to provide basic services, such as electricity, water, and sanitation.\n\nThe protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation, not demanding any new governmental needs of being the prime minister and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists. A cabinet headed by Hassan Diab was formed in 2020 but also resigned in the wake of the 2020 Beirut explosion.\n\nCalling for a complete regime change, it was known by its most famous slogan; Kellon Yaani Kellon (Arabic: كلن يعني كلن, lit. 'all of them [the elites] means all of them').\n\nIn January 2026 public schools teachers and retired military personnel took to the streets closings roads all over Lebanon and protesting in front of the Lebanese parliament building.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1379809945,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-12T01:47:53Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution","wikidata_qid":"Q71443275","wikidata_classes":["protest","demonstration"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q65084224","label":"Second Arab Spring"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2019-2021-iraqi-protests","title":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","date_start":"2019-10-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2019-2020-iranian-protests","title":"2019–2020 Iranian protests","date_start":"2019-11-15"},{"id":"september-2019-israeli-legislative-election","title":"September 2019 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2019-09-17"},{"id":"abqaiq-khurais-attack","title":"Abqaiq–Khurais attack","date_start":"2019-09-14"},{"id":"northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020","title":"Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)","date_start":"2019-12-19"},{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31"}]}},"2023-turkish-general-election":{"extract":"General elections were held in Turkey on 14 May 2023, combining presidential elections and parliamentary elections to elect 600 members of the Grand National Assembly.\n\nElection monitors criticized the conduct of the elections, observing restrictions on fundamental freedoms of assembly, association and expression. There was political interference in the electoral process, threats of throttling social media platforms, arrests of people posting criticisms on social media, and fines against media organizations that criticized the government. The state-run media heavily favored the AK Party, led by incumbent president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Popular political opponents were jailed or intimidated during the election campaign. A 2023 study in PLOS One found that the election was \"riddled with statistical irregularities, that may be indicative of electoral fraud.\"","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1375606940,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-18T21:08:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkish_general_election","wikidata_qid":"Q111594736","wikidata_classes":["group of elections","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"2023-turkish-parliamentary-election","title":"2023 Turkish parliamentary election","date_start":"2023-05-14"},{"id":"2023-turkish-presidential-election","title":"2023 Turkish presidential election","date_start":"2023-05-14"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-palestine-tensions","title":"2023 Israel–Palestine tensions","date_start":"2023-04-05"},{"id":"july-2023-jenin-incursion","title":"July 2023 Jenin incursion","date_start":"2023-07-03"},{"id":"2023-iran-drone-attacks","title":"2023 Iran drone attacks","date_start":"2023-01-28"},{"id":"2023-neve-yaakov-shooting","title":"2023 Neve Yaakov shooting","date_start":"2023-01-27"},{"id":"2023-homs-drone-strike","title":"2023 Homs drone strike","date_start":"2023-10-05"}]}}}