{"coastal-road-massacre":{"extract":"The coastal road massacre occurred on 11 March 1978, when Palestinian militants hijacked a bus on the Coastal Highway of Israel and murdered its occupants; 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, were killed as a result of the attack while 76 more were wounded. The attack was planned by the influential Palestinian militant leader Khalil al-Wazir (aka Abu Jihad) and carried out by Fatah, a Palestinian nationalist party co-founded by al-Wazir and Yasser Arafat in 1959. The initial plan of the militants was to seize a luxury hotel in the Israeli city of Tel Aviv and take tourists and foreign ambassadors hostage to exchange them for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli custody.\n\nAccording to Time magazine, the timing was aimed primarily at undermining Israeli–Egyptian peace talks between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat and damaging Israel's tourism sector. However, due to a navigational error, the attackers ended up 64 kilometres (40 mi) north of their target, and were forced to find an alternative method of transportation to their destination.\n\nUntil the Nova music festival massacre which occurred in 2023, it was the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Israel. Time characterized it as \"the worst terrorist attack in Israel's history.\" Fatah dubbed the hijacking \"Operation of the Martyr Kamal Adwan\" after the chief of operations of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), who was killed during the Israeli commando raid on Lebanon in April 1973. In response to the massacre, Israel launched Operation Litani against PLO bases in southern Lebanon three days later.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375861480,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-20T14:59:43Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q301448","wikidata_classes":["terrorist attack","bus hijacking","hostage taking","Palestinian political violence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Israel","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the attack in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Israel"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Israel","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q7127419","label":"Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon","id":"palestinian-insurgency-in-south-lebanon"},{"qid":"Q847731","label":"Islamic terrorism"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"ma-alot-massacre","title":"Ma'alot massacre","date_start":"1974-05-15"},{"id":"avivim-school-bus-bombing","title":"Avivim school bus bombing","date_start":"1970-05-22"},{"id":"1968-israeli-raid-on-beirut-airport","title":"1968 Israeli raid on Beirut Airport","date_start":"1968-12-28"}],"nearby":[{"id":"assassination-of-yitzhak-rabin","title":"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin","date_start":"1995-11-04","km":7.6,"bearing":196},{"id":"june-2016-tel-aviv-shooting","title":"June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting","date_start":"2016-06-08","km":8.5,"bearing":191},{"id":"dolphinarium-discotheque-bombing","title":"Dolphinarium discotheque bombing","date_start":"2001-06-01","km":9.8,"bearing":204},{"id":"jaffa-riots-may-1921","title":"Jaffa riots (May 1921)","date_start":"1921-05-01","km":11.6,"bearing":203},{"id":"kafr-qasim-massacre","title":"Kafr Qasim massacre","date_start":"1956-10-29","km":16.3,"bearing":103}],"same_time":[{"id":"cinema-rex-fire","title":"Cinema Rex fire","date_start":"1978-08-19"},{"id":"black-friday-1978","title":"Black Friday (1978)","date_start":"1978-09-08"}]}},"operation-eagle-claw":{"extract":"Operation Eagle Claw (Persian: عملیات پنجه عقاب) was a failed United States Department of Defense attempt to rescue 52 embassy staff held captive by Revolutionary Iran on 24 April 1980. It was ordered by U.S. president Jimmy Carter after the staff were seized at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran. The operation, one of Delta Force's first, encountered many obstacles and failures and was subsequently aborted. Eight helicopters were sent to the first staging area in Great Salt Desert called Desert One, but only five arrived in operational condition. One had encountered hydraulic problems, another was caught in a sand storm, and the third showed signs of a cracked rotor blade. During the operational planning, it was decided that the mission would be aborted if fewer than six helicopters remained operational upon arrival at the Desert One site, despite only four being absolutely necessary. The field commanders advised President Carter to abort the mission, which he did.\n\nAs the US forces prepared to withdraw from Desert One, one of the remaining helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft that contained both servicemen and jet fuel. The resulting fire destroyed both aircraft and killed eight servicemen. In the context of the Iranian Revolution, Iran's new leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, stated that the mission had been stopped by an act of God (\"agents of God\") who had foiled the US mission in order to protect Iran and its new Islamist government. In turn, Carter blamed his loss in the 1980 US presidential election mainly on his failure to secure the release of the hostages. The American hostages were released the day of Ronald Reagan's inauguration.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381399760,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-22T05:24:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw","wikidata_qid":"Q612739","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q589673","label":"Iran hostage crisis","id":"iran-hostage-crisis"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"1980-iranian-presidential-election","title":"1980 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1980-01-25"},{"id":"1980-turkish-coup-d-etat","title":"1980 Turkish coup d'état","date_start":"1980-09-12"},{"id":"1979-iranian-constitutional-referendum","title":"1979 Iranian constitutional referendum","date_start":"1979-12-03"},{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1980","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)","date_start":"1980-09-22"},{"id":"iran-iraq-war","title":"Iran–Iraq War","date_start":"1980-09-22"}]}},"battle-of-umm-qasr":{"extract":"The Battle of Umm Qasr was the first military confrontation in the Iraq War. At the start of the war, one of the first objectives was the port of Umm Qasr. On 21 March 2003, as allied forces advanced across Southern Iraq, an amphibious landing force captured the new port area of Umm Qasr. The assault was spearheaded by Royal Marines of the British 3 Commando Brigade, augmented by U.S. Marines of the American 15th MEU and Polish JW GROM troops. Iraqi forces in the old town of Umm Qasr put up unexpectedly strong resistance, requiring several days' fighting before the area was cleared of defenders. The port was finally declared safe and reopened on 25 March 2003.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370591981,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T00:45:44Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Qasr","wikidata_qid":"Q2237268","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q107802","label":"2003 invasion of Iraq","id":"invasion-of-iraq"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-basra-2003","title":"Battle of Basra (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-21"},{"id":"battle-of-al-faw-2003","title":"Battle of Al Faw (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"battle-of-karbala-2003","title":"Battle of Karbala (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-nasiriyah","title":"Battle of Nasiriyah","date_start":"2003-03-23"},{"id":"battle-of-najaf-2003","title":"Battle of Najaf (2003)","date_start":"2003-03-24"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-basra-1914","title":"Battle of Basra (1914)","date_start":"1914-11-11","km":43.9,"bearing":10},{"id":"siege-of-abadan","title":"Siege of Abadan","date_start":"1980-11-06","km":47.5,"bearing":44},{"id":"cinema-rex-fire","title":"Cinema Rex fire","date_start":"1978-08-19","km":47.7,"bearing":44}],"same_time":[{"id":"anbar-campaign-2003-2011","title":"Anbar campaign (2003–2011)","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"iraq-war","title":"Iraq War","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"iraqi-conflict","title":"Iraqi conflict","date_start":"2003-03-20"},{"id":"2003-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2003 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2003-01-28"},{"id":"2002-turkish-general-election","title":"2002 Turkish general election","date_start":"2002-11-03"}]}},"june-2011-jisr-ash-shughur-clashes":{"extract":"In June 2011, during the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War, rebels seized the city of Jisr ash-Shughur, resulting in violent clashes with the Syrian security forces, including the military. The exact reasons of the fighting, the course of events, and the resulting destruction and deaths are disputed. The government claimed that it clashed with Islamist-leaning insurgents who had set up an ambush for security forces, while the Syrian opposition described the Jisr ash-Shughur clashes as crackdown against pro-democracy protesters, resulting in a mutiny among the soldiers and a large battle with many people being massacred by pro-government forces. The fighting in the city lasted from 4 June until 12 June 2011.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370625237,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T04:06:24Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes","wikidata_qid":"Q2597094","wikidata_classes":["siege"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"The government claimed","note":"The government \"claimed\" its account, while the opposition \"described\" its own."}],"highlights":["The government claimed"]},"highlights":[{"text":"The government claimed","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q14746872","label":"Syrian revolution","id":"syrian-revolution"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"siege-of-daraa","title":"Siege of Daraa","date_start":"2011-04-25"}],"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-idlib-2015","title":"Battle of Idlib (2015)","date_start":"2015-03-28","km":38.7,"bearing":117},{"id":"khan-shaykhun-chemical-attack","title":"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack","date_start":"2017-04-04","km":49.7,"bearing":142}],"same_time":[{"id":"2011-turkish-general-election","title":"2011 Turkish general election","date_start":"2011-06-12"},{"id":"syrian-civil-war-spillover-in-lebanon","title":"Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon","date_start":"2011-06-17"},{"id":"siege-of-talkalakh-may-2011","title":"Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)","date_start":"2011-05-14"},{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11"},{"id":"siege-of-homs","title":"Siege of Homs","date_start":"2011-05-06"}]}},"palmyra-offensive-march-2016":{"extract":"The Palmyra offensive (March 2016) was a military operation of the Syrian Arab Army, supported by Russian airstrikes, to recapture from the Islamic State the city of Tadmur (near the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra), which was strategically important for both forces due to its position in central Syria. The city was fully recaptured on 27 March.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1371158180,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-24T22:55:41Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)","wikidata_qid":"Q23057866","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"},{"qid":"Q21032720","label":"Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war","id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2015-russian-sukhoi-su-24-shootdown","title":"2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown","date_start":"2015-11-24"},{"id":"2015-al-hawl-offensive","title":"2015 al-Hawl offensive","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"operation-euphrates-shield","title":"Operation Euphrates Shield","date_start":"2016-08-24"},{"id":"manbij-offensive-2016","title":"Manbij offensive (2016)","date_start":"2016-08-27"},{"id":"battle-of-al-bab","title":"Battle of al-Bab","date_start":"2016-11-06"}],"nearby":[{"id":"palmyra-offensive-2017","title":"Palmyra offensive (2017)","date_start":"2017-03-02","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-december-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (December 2016)","date_start":"2016-12-08","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13","km":0,"bearing":0},{"id":"battle-of-palmyra-1941","title":"Battle of Palmyra (1941)","date_start":"1941-07-01","km":1.8,"bearing":127}],"same_time":[{"id":"march-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"March 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-03-13"},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19"},{"id":"2016-iranian-legislative-election","title":"2016 Iranian legislative election","date_start":"2016-02-25"},{"id":"iskandariya-suicide-bombing","title":"Iskandariya suicide bombing","date_start":"2016-03-25"},{"id":"february-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"February 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-02-17"}]}},"august-2016-gaziantep-bombing":{"extract":"On 20 August 2016, a suicide bomber targeted a Kurdish wedding in Gaziantep, Turkey. 57 people were killed and 66 injured in the attack, 14 critically.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1357539248,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-03T06:17:24Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2016_Gaziantep_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q26436398","wikidata_classes":["suicide attack","bomb attack","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17272643","label":"spillover of the Syrian Civil War"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2017-tehran-attacks","title":"2017 Tehran attacks","date_start":"2017-06-07"},{"id":"war-in-iraq-2013-2017","title":"War in Iraq (2013–2017)","date_start":"2014-01-01"},{"id":"turkey-islamic-state-conflict","title":"Turkey–Islamic State conflict","date_start":"2013-05-11"}],"same_time":[{"id":"operation-euphrates-shield","title":"Operation Euphrates Shield","date_start":"2016-08-24"},{"id":"manbij-offensive-2016","title":"Manbij offensive (2016)","date_start":"2016-08-27"},{"id":"2016-jordanian-general-election","title":"2016 Jordanian general election","date_start":"2016-09-20"},{"id":"2016-turkish-coup-d-etat-attempt","title":"2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt","date_start":"2016-07-16"},{"id":"2016-saudi-arabia-bombings","title":"2016 Saudi Arabia bombings","date_start":"2016-07-04"}]}},"operation-horev":{"extract":"Operation Horev was a large-scale offensive against the Egyptian army in the Western Negev towards the end of the Arab–Israeli War in 1948 and 1949. Its objective was to entrap the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip. The operation took place from 22 December 1948 to 7 January 1949 and concluded after Britain threatened to intervene unless Israeli troops immediately withdrew from Egyptian territory.\n\nHorev refers to Mount Sinai in the Scriptures, where the Israelites encamped for a year (see Exodus 3:1 and Psalms 106:19). It is contemporarily known as Jebel Musa (\"Mount of Moses\" in Arabic).","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1367810075,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-05T08:57:20Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Horev","wikidata_qid":"Q2777473","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49092","label":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","id":"1948-arab-israeli-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"operation-hiram","title":"Operation Hiram","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"operation-yoav","title":"Operation Yoav","date_start":"1948-10-15"},{"id":"operation-uvda","title":"Operation Uvda","date_start":"1949-03-05"},{"id":"operation-pleshet","title":"Operation Pleshet","date_start":"1948-05-29"},{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"}],"same_time":[{"id":"1949-israeli-constituent-assembly-election","title":"1949 Israeli Constituent Assembly election","date_start":"1949-01-25"},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01"},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"},{"id":"al-dawayima-massacre","title":"Al-Dawayima massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"safsaf-massacre","title":"Safsaf massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"}]}},"reparations-agreement-between-israel-and-the-federal-republic-of-germany":{"extract":"The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Luxemburger Abkommen, lit. 'Luxembourg Agreement', or Wiedergutmachungsabkommen, 'Wiedergutmachung Agreement'; Hebrew: הסכם השילומים, romanized: Heskem HaShillumim, lit. 'Reparations Agreement') was signed on September 10, 1952, and entered in force on March 27, 1953. According to the Agreement, West Germany was to pay Israel for the costs of \"resettling so great a number of uprooted and destitute Jewish refugees\" after the war, and to compensate individual Jews, via the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, for losses in Jewish livelihood and property resulting from Nazi persecution.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380118037,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-13T22:15:27Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany","wikidata_qid":"Q660521","wikidata_classes":["bilateral treaty","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-1952","title":"Egyptian revolution of 1952","date_start":"1952-07-23"},{"id":"balkan-pact-1953","title":"Balkan Pact (1953)","date_start":"1953-02-28"}]}},"iraqi-insurgency-2011-2013":{"extract":"The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups.\n\nThe insurgency was a direct continuation of events following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majority Shia population to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without coalition assistance. Many Sunni factions stood against the Syrian government, which Shia groups moved to support, and numerous members of both sects also crossed the border to fight in Syria.\n\nIn 2014, the insurgency escalated dramatically following the conquest of Mosul and major areas in northern Iraq by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a Salafi jihadist militant group and unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Qutbi-Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre, thereby merging the new conflict with the Syrian Civil War, into a new, far deadlier conflict.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1363233790,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-08T22:10:22Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)","wikidata_qid":"Q2165215","wikidata_classes":["insurgency","rebellion"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"a fundamentalist, Qutbi-Wahhabi doctrine","note":"Uses \"fundamentalist\" for ISIS's doctrine in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["a fundamentalist, Qutbi-Wahhabi doctrine"]},"highlights":[{"text":"a fundamentalist, Qutbi-Wahhabi doctrine","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q33761","label":"Arab Spring","id":"arab-spring"}],"includes":[{"id":"islamic-state-invasion-of-iraq","title":"Islamic State invasion of Iraq","date_start":"2014-06-05"},{"id":"third-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Third Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2016-05-22"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25"},{"id":"yemeni-revolution","title":"Yemeni revolution","date_start":"2011-01-27"},{"id":"2011-2012-iranian-protests","title":"2011–2012 Iranian protests","date_start":"2011-02-14"},{"id":"2011-bahraini-uprising","title":"2011 Bahraini uprising","date_start":"2011-02-14"},{"id":"syrian-civil-war","title":"Syrian civil war","date_start":"2011-03-15"}]}},"may-2023-gaza-israel-clashes":{"extract":"The clashes between Israel and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in May 2023 started on 2 May 2023 when Khader Adnan, a former Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) spokesman, died in an Israeli prison following an 87-day hunger strike protesting his continual administrative detention and PIJ militants fired around 102 rockets towards southern Israel, injuring seven individuals in Sderot. On 9 May 2023, Israel conducted a series of airstrikes on the Gaza Strip, called Operation Shield and Arrow (Hebrew: מבצע מגן וחץ) that lasted until 13 May.\n\nIsrael responded to the rocket attacks on 9 May with the targeted assassination of three leaders of the PIJ movement, an attack that also killed 10 civilians. Subsequently, on the same day, Israel killed two Palestinians in an airstrike against a vehicle in Khan Yunis, and six more in airstrikes on 10 May. In retaliation, militants launched a barrage of rockets into Israel, totaling over 938 as per the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), under the banner of Operation Revenge of the Free (Arabic: عملية ثأر الأحرار). The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) accounted for four of the fatalities on 10 May. On 11 May, Israeli airstrikes killed two more PIJ commanders, and at least 26 in prior raids. The exchange of rockets and airstrikes persisted on 12 May amidst ongoing efforts to broker a ceasefire. On this day, another senior PIJ leader along with his aide were killed, bringing the total death toll to 34 Palestinians (inclusive of one in Israel) and one Israeli. On the following day, Israel and Islamic Jihad agreed to a ceasefire.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374488780,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-12T11:16:27Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes","wikidata_qid":"Q118234253","wikidata_classes":["military operation","airstrike"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q553184","label":"Gaza–Israel conflict","id":"gaza-israel-conflict"},{"qid":"Q123594566","label":"Mowing the lawn"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"october-7-attacks","title":"October 7 attacks","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"2022-gaza-israel-clashes","title":"2022 Gaza–Israel clashes","date_start":"2022-08-01"},{"id":"operation-guardian-of-the-walls","title":"Operation Guardian of the Walls","date_start":"2021-05-01"},{"id":"2018-2019-gaza-border-protests","title":"2018–2019 Gaza border protests","date_start":"2018-03-30"}]}},"2025-2026-iran-massacres":{"extract":"The 2025–2026 Iran massacres were a series of mass killings of civilians by the Iranian government during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests, deploying both its own security forces and importing foreign militias to suppress public dissent nationwide. As of September 2026, most death toll estimates ranged from 5,000 people to over 36,500, including 209 government-affiliated military and non-military personnel, making these among the largest massacres in the modern history of Iran.‎\n\nOn 25 January, Time reported that a specific list included 30,304 protest-related deaths registered in civilian hospitals for 8 and 9 January alone. The same day, Iran International estimated total deaths at over 36,500. An Iranian doctors' network cited by The Guardian estimated that the death toll could be more than 30,000, based on an estimated factor of ten undercount in the official death toll. AP News reported that the government's overwhelming use of violence had caused despair among the public.\n\nAli Larijani, secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, has been attributed responsibility as one of the key planners of the massacres by former Iranian government officials. The crackdown was initiated in pursuit of orders from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and senior officials to use live fire against protesters. Khamenei himself had ordered the protests \"crush[ed]... by any means necessary\". As of 19 January 2026, the Iranian government had reasserted control over the protests. Worldwide support protests took place on 14 February, and protest waves restarted in western Iran on 16 February and in universities on 21 February.\n\nKhamenei acknowledged \"thousands\" had been killed during the protests, blaming American president Donald Trump for the massacre and accusing those leading the protests of affiliation with the United States and Israel. The Iranian government put the death toll at 3,117, stating that 2,447 were civilians and security forces, and the rest were \"terrorists\". The government published an official list of 2,986 victims. Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRANA) described the official list as mostly unverifiable due to the lack of sufficient identifying details. Iran International stated on 3 February that it had its own confirmed list of 6,634 deaths, of which less than 100 were on the official list. HRANA published a full report on 23 February 2026, including a detailed named list of 7,007 deaths. According to documents, Iran International reported that more than 36,500 Iranians were killed by security forces during the January 8-9 crackdown. Similarly, Time Magazine, citing Iranian health ministry officials, reported that more than 30,000 people could have been killed during the crackdown.\n\nOn 11 January 2026, Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian accused the United States and Israel of being behind the unrest and alleged that foreign-backed \"terrorists\" were responsible for killings during the protests. The Iranian cabinet similarly blamed US- and Israeli-backed \"mercenaries and terrorists\" for killing civilians and security personnel, while Ali Larijani called Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu \"the main killers of the people of Iran\". On 11 February, Pezeshkian expressed shame over the events and apologized for what he called the government's \"shortcomings and deficiencies\", but did not acknowledge responsibility by Iranian security forces for the killings.\n\nIn January 2026, and from 28 February to late May 2026, Iranian authorities imposed a total internet shutdown as part of their crackdown on the protests, restricting communication inside the country and limiting the flow of information about the killings to the outside world.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1381608269,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T17:19:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_Iran_massacres","wikidata_qid":"Q137703947","wikidata_classes":["massacre","political repression"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Gives the highest estimate the most weight: Iran International's figure of over 36,500 deaths appears three times, and the opening range of \"most death toll estimates\" starts at 5,000, above the government's own figure of 3,117 given later. The government's figures and its account (\"terrorists\", blame on the US and Israel) are included and attributed. It also states as fact that the government imported foreign militias and acted on Khamenei's orders.","highlights":["According to documents, Iran International reported that more than 36,500 Iranians were killed","importing foreign militias","The crackdown was initiated in pursuit of orders from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"alleged that foreign-backed \"terrorists\" were responsible for killings","note":"The president's account of who did the killing is introduced with \"alleged\", while Iran International's account that security forces did it is given with \"reported\" and \"stated\"."}],"highlights":["alleged that foreign-backed \"terrorists\" were responsible for killings"]},"highlights":[{"text":"According to documents, Iran International reported that more than 36,500 Iranians were killed","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"importing foreign militias","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"The crackdown was initiated in pursuit of orders from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"alleged that foreign-backed \"terrorists\" were responsible for killings","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q137612545","label":"2025–2026 Iranian protests","id":"2025-2026-iranian-protests"},{"qid":"Q135011480","label":"political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"fall-of-aden-2026","title":"Fall of Aden (2026)","date_start":"2026-01-07"},{"id":"2026-northeastern-syria-offensive","title":"2026 northeastern Syria offensive","date_start":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"prelude-to-the-2026-iran-war","title":"Prelude to the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"2025-2026-southern-yemen-campaign","title":"2025–2026 southern Yemen campaign","date_start":"2025-12-02"},{"id":"2025-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-11-11"}]}},"safsaf-massacre":{"extract":"The Safsaf massacre took place on 29 October 1948, following the capture of the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf in the Galilee by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The village was defended by the Arab Liberation Army's Second Yarmuk Battalion.\n\nSafsaf was the first village to fall in Operation Hiram, the aim of which, according to the IDF, was to \"destroy the enemy in the central Galilee 'pocket,' to take control of the whole of the Galilee and to establish a defense line on the country's northern border\". The village was attacked by two platoons of armored cars and a tank company from the 7th Brigade, and a fierce battle lasted from the evening until seven o'clock the next morning.\n\nEvidence of a massacre in which 50–70 villagers were killed by the IDF comes from several contemporaneous Israeli government sources and Arab oral history. The evidence suggests that 52 men had their hands tied, were shot and killed, and were buried in a pit. Several women reported allegations of rape by the IDF, including the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl. At least two internal inquiries were initiated during 1948–49 by the IDF, but their reports remain classified.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1360636260,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-22T18:26:40Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safsaf_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q3297456","wikidata_classes":["massacre","genocide","mass murder"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q3266633","label":"Nakba","id":"nakba"},{"qid":"Q13220089","label":"1948 Palestinian exodus","id":"1948-palestinian-expulsion-and-flight"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"al-dawayima-massacre","title":"Al-Dawayima massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"},{"id":"palestinian-expulsion-from-lydda-and-ramle","title":"Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle","date_start":"1948-07-01"}],"nearby":[{"id":"avivim-school-bus-bombing","title":"Avivim school bus bombing","date_start":"1970-05-22","km":6,"bearing":339},{"id":"ma-alot-massacre","title":"Ma'alot massacre","date_start":"1974-05-15","km":15,"bearing":272},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01","km":23.8,"bearing":16},{"id":"kiryat-shmona-massacre","title":"Kiryat Shmona massacre","date_start":"1974-04-11","km":25.4,"bearing":26},{"id":"qana-massacre","title":"Qana massacre","date_start":"1996-04-18","km":25.9,"bearing":328}],"same_time":[{"id":"operation-hiram","title":"Operation Hiram","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"operation-yoav","title":"Operation Yoav","date_start":"1948-10-15"},{"id":"operation-horev","title":"Operation Horev","date_start":"1948-12-22"},{"id":"1949-israeli-constituent-assembly-election","title":"1949 Israeli Constituent Assembly election","date_start":"1949-01-25"},{"id":"operation-uvda","title":"Operation Uvda","date_start":"1949-03-05"}]}},"2006-gaza-israel-conflict":{"extract":"The 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict, known in Israel as Operation Summer Rains (Hebrew: מבצע גשמי קיץ, romanized: Mivtza Gishmey Kayitz), was a series of battles between Palestinian militants and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during summer 2006, prompted by the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Palestinian militants on 25 June 2006. Large-scale conventional warfare occurred in the Gaza Strip, starting on 28 June 2006, which was the first major ground operation in the Gaza Strip since Israel's unilateral disengagement plan was implemented between August and September 2005.\n\nIsrael's stated objectives in Operation Summer Rains were to suppress the firing of Qassam rockets from Gaza into the western Negev, and to secure the release of Corporal Gilad Shalit, who had been captured by Palestinian militants. Shalit was captured amid a background of violence between the IDF and Palestinian militant groups since the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. According to statistics published by the Israeli government, 757 missiles from Gaza hit Israel between the withdrawal and the end of June 2006. The IDF had responded with artillery fire and air raids. During the operation, the pace of both rocket fire and shelling increased dramatically, and the IDF mounted numerous ground incursions into the Gaza Strip targeting militant groups and their infrastructure, including smuggling tunnels in the Philadelphi Corridor. On the first day of the conflict, Israel also bombed the only electrical power plant in the Gaza Strip.\n\nHamas sought the release of a large number of Palestinian prisoners held by Israel in exchange for Shalit. Publicly, Israel categorically rejected any such offers, but in August it was reported that negotiations were held with Egypt acting as mediator. However, the negotiations broke down as Israel was nοt willing to release as many prisoners as Hamas wanted.\n\nOperation Summer Rains was followed by Operation \"Autumn Clouds\", launched on November 1. When Operation Autumn Clouds ended on 26 November with ceasefire between Hamas and Israel and an Israeli withdrawal, no deal for the release of Shalit had been reached. The ceasefire broke down completely amid escalating conflict between Hamas and Fatah in 2007.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381721190,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T10:12:52Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict","wikidata_qid":"Q1316163","wikidata_classes":["offensive","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q49106","label":"Second Intifada","id":"second-intifada"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2006-israeli-operation-in-beit-hanoun","title":"2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun","date_start":"2006-11-08"},{"id":"maxim-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Maxim restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2003-10-04"},{"id":"siege-of-the-church-of-the-nativity","title":"Siege of the Church of the Nativity","date_start":"2002-04-02"},{"id":"operation-defensive-shield","title":"Operation Defensive Shield","date_start":"2002-03-29"},{"id":"passover-massacre","title":"Passover massacre","date_start":"2002-03-27"}]}},"2015-russian-sukhoi-su-24-shootdown":{"extract":"On 24 November 2015, a Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M attack aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border. According to Turkey, the aircraft was fired upon while in Turkish airspace because it violated the border up to a depth of 2.19 kilometres (1.36 miles) for about 17 seconds after being warned to change its heading ten times over a period of five minutes before entering the airspace. The Russian Defence Ministry denied that the aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, claiming that their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) inside Syrian airspace when it was shot down.\n\nThe U.S. State Department said that the U.S. independently confirmed that the aircraft's flight path violated Turkish territory, and that the Turks gave multiple warnings to the pilot, to which they received no response and released audio recordings of the warnings they had broadcast. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan pointed out that Turkey had the right to defend its airspace. Although Russian president Vladimir Putin said that the U.S. knew the flight path of the Russian jet and should have informed Turkey, two U.S. officials said that Russia had not informed the U.S. military of its jet's flight plan.\n\nThe Russian pilot and navigator both ejected from the aircraft. The navigator, Konstantin Murakhtin, was rescued, but pilot Oleg Peshkov was shot and killed by Syrian rebel ground fire while descending by parachute. A Russian marine from the search and rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was targeted by the rebels.\n\nThe incident was the first destruction of a Russian or Soviet Air Forces warplane by a NATO member state since an attack on the Sui-ho Dam during the Korean War in 1953. Reactions to the incident included denunciation from Russia and an attempt to defuse the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range SAM missiles off the Syrian coast near Latakia and S-400 (SA-21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim airbase. In response, the Turkish Armed Forces deployed the KORAL land-based radar electronic support system in Hatay Province along the Turkish–Syrian border.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1372779123,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-02T06:12:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown","wikidata_qid":"Q21540349","wikidata_classes":["aircraft shootdown"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"claiming that their satellite data showed","note":"Russia's account is introduced with \"claiming\", while Turkey's is given with \"According to Turkey\" and Erdoğan \"pointed out\" Turkey's right to defend its airspace, a verb that presents his statement as true."}],"highlights":["claiming that their satellite data showed"]},"highlights":[{"text":"claiming that their satellite data showed","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2015-al-hawl-offensive","title":"2015 al-Hawl offensive","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-march-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (March 2016)","date_start":"2016-03-09"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-may-2015","title":"Palmyra offensive (May 2015)","date_start":"2015-05-13"},{"id":"battle-of-idlib-2015","title":"Battle of Idlib (2015)","date_start":"2015-03-28"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2015-beirut-bombings","title":"2015 Beirut bombings","date_start":"2015-11-12"},{"id":"2015-saudi-arabian-municipal-elections","title":"2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections","date_start":"2015-12-12"},{"id":"november-2015-turkish-general-election","title":"November 2015 Turkish general election","date_start":"2015-11-01"},{"id":"metrojet-flight-9268","title":"Metrojet Flight 9268","date_start":"2015-10-31"},{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10"}]}}}