{"balkan-wars":{"extract":"The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the other four combatants of the first war. It also faced an attack from Romania from the north. The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Although not involved as a combatant, Austria-Hungary became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the July crisis of 1914 and was a prelude to the First World War.\n\nBy the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. Over the course of the Macedonian Struggle these states fought for influence between themselves and the Ottoman government within Ottoman Macedonia, during which their governments came under the control of nationalists. In 1912, these countries united to form the Balkan League. The First Balkan War began on 8 October 1912, when the League member states attacked the Ottoman Empire, and ended eight months later with the signing on 30 May 1913 of the Treaty of London negotiated together with the Great Powers. The Great Powers—particularly Italy and Austria-Hungary—included independence for Albania in the Treaty. The Second Balkan War began on 16 June 1913, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its allotment of territory from Macedonia, attacked its former Balkan League allies. The combined forces of the Serbian and Greek armies, with their superior numbers repelled the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked by invading Bulgaria from the west and the south. Romania, having taken no part in the first conflict, had intact armies to strike with and invaded Bulgaria from the north in violation of a peace treaty between the two states. The Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and advanced in Thrace, regaining Adrianople. In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria managed to retain most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War. However, it was forced to cede the ex-Ottoman south part of Dobruja province to Romania.\n\nThe Balkan Wars were marked by ethnic cleansing, with all parties being responsible for grave atrocities against civilians, and inspired later atrocities including war crimes during the 1990s Yugoslav Wars.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381203958,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-20T17:30:14Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars","wikidata_qid":"Q165725","wikidata_classes":["series of wars","war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Turkey","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-lule-burgas","title":"Battle of Lule Burgas","date_start":"1912-10-28"},{"id":"siege-of-adrianople-1912-1913","title":"Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)","date_start":"1912-11-03"},{"id":"first-battle-of-catalca","title":"First Battle of Çatalca","date_start":"1912-11-17"},{"id":"battle-of-elli","title":"Battle of Elli","date_start":"1912-12-16"},{"id":"1912-ottoman-coup-d-etat","title":"1912 Ottoman coup d'état","date_start":"1912-07-17"}]}},"israeli-declaration-of-independence":{"extract":"The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed at the Tel Aviv Museum on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the civil war phase and beginning of the Arab–Israeli War of the 1948 Palestine war, by the Va'ad Leumi led by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.\n\nIt declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine (or the Land of Israel in the Jewish tradition), to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day. While celebrated in Israel as Independence Day, a national holiday on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar, Palestinians view the day as the start of Nakba, or \"catastrophe\", marking the mass displacements of Palestinians and the loss of homes and lands, and commemorate it annually on 15 May as Nakba Day.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381291994,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-21T10:52:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence","wikidata_qid":"Q223732","wikidata_classes":["historical document","declaration of independence","proclamation","resolution"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q25487937","label":"declaration of Israeli independence"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"kfar-etzion-massacre","title":"Kfar Etzion massacre","date_start":"1948-05-13","km":3.9,"bearing":313},{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12","km":3.9,"bearing":326},{"id":"siege-of-the-church-of-the-nativity","title":"Siege of the Church of the Nativity","date_start":"2002-04-02","km":10.6,"bearing":34},{"id":"1929-hebron-massacre","title":"1929 Hebron massacre","date_start":"1929-08-24","km":11.7,"bearing":203},{"id":"cave-of-the-patriarchs-massacre","title":"Cave of the Patriarchs massacre","date_start":"1994-02-25","km":11.7,"bearing":196}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-israeli-conflict","title":"Arab–Israeli conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"gaza-israel-conflict","title":"Gaza–Israel conflict","date_start":"1948-05-15"},{"id":"battles-of-latrun-1948","title":"Battles of Latrun (1948)","date_start":"1948-05-24"},{"id":"operation-pleshet","title":"Operation Pleshet","date_start":"1948-05-29"},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1948","title":"Battle of Haifa (1948)","date_start":"1948-04-21"}]}},"first-battle-of-gaza":{"extract":"The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Fighting took place in and around the town of Gaza on the Mediterranean coast when infantry and mounted infantry from the Desert Column, a component of the Eastern Force, attacked the town. Late in the afternoon, on the verge of capturing Gaza, the Desert Column was withdrawn due to concerns about the approaching darkness and large Ottoman reinforcements. This British defeat was followed a few weeks later by the even more emphatic defeat of the Eastern Force at the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917.\n\nIn August 1916, the EEF victory at Romani ended the possibility of land-based attacks on the Suez Canal, first threatened in February 1915 by the Ottoman Raid on the Suez Canal. In December 1916, the newly created Desert Column's victory at the Battle of Magdhaba secured the Mediterranean port of El Arish and the supply route, water pipeline and railway stretching eastwards across the Sinai Peninsula. In January 1917, the victory of the Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa completed the capture of the Sinai Peninsula and brought the EEF within striking distance of Gaza.\n\nTwo months later, in March 1917, Gaza was attacked by Eastern Force infantry from the 52nd (Lowland) Division reinforced by an infantry brigade. This attack was protected from the threat of Ottoman reinforcements by the Anzac Mounted Division and a screen from the Imperial Mounted Division. The infantry attack from the south and southeast on the Ottoman garrison in and around Gaza was strongly resisted. While the Imperial Mounted Division continued to hold off threatening Ottoman reinforcements, the Anzac Mounted Division attacked Gaza from the north. They succeeded in entering the town from the north, while a joint infantry and mounted infantry attack on Ali Muntar captured the position. However, the lateness of the hour, the determination of the Ottoman defenders, and the threat from the large Ottoman reinforcements approaching from the north and north east resulted in the decision by the Eastern Force to retreat. It has been suggested that this move snatched defeat from the jaws of victory.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370618661,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T03:17:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza","wikidata_qid":"Q2791318","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Told from the British side (\"snatched defeat from the jaws of victory\").","highlights":["snatched defeat from the jaws of victory"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"snatched defeat from the jaws of victory","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1765465","label":"Middle Eastern theater of World War I","id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"stalemate-in-southern-palestine","title":"Stalemate in Southern Palestine","date_start":"1917-04-01"},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17"},{"id":"third-battle-of-gaza","title":"Third Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-11-01"},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03"},{"id":"arab-revolt","title":"Arab Revolt","date_start":"1916-06-10"}],"nearby":[{"id":"killing-of-alon-shamriz-yotam-haim-and-samer-talalka","title":"Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka","date_start":"2023-12-15","km":1.3,"bearing":344},{"id":"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike","title":"Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike","date_start":"2023-10-19","km":1.9,"bearing":325},{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17","km":2.1,"bearing":327},{"id":"nahal-oz-attack","title":"Nahal Oz attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":2.9,"bearing":130},{"id":"battle-of-gaza-2007","title":"Battle of Gaza (2007)","date_start":"2007-06-10","km":3.8,"bearing":324}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-rafa","title":"Battle of Rafa","date_start":"1917-01-09"},{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"},{"id":"battle-of-aqaba","title":"Battle of Aqaba","date_start":"1917-07-06"}]}},"1979-iranian-islamic-republic-referendum":{"extract":"A referendum on establishing an Islamic republic was held in Iran on 30 and 31 March 1979. It took place in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution, which led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty on 11 February 1979 and the rise of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as Iran's de facto leader. Voters were asked whether the country should be transformed into an \"Islamic Republic\", to replace the outgoing Imperial State. The proposal was approved by an overwhelming majority, although the result was marred by boycotts and disputes over electoral interference.\n\nFollowing the referendum, the Persian Constitution of 1906 was declared invalid, and a new constitution based on Sharia law and the doctrine of velayat-e-faqih was drafted and ratified by a further referendum on 3 December 1979.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1367154479,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-01T09:55:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum","wikidata_qid":"Q4231692","wikidata_classes":["referendum"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"egypt-israel-peace-treaty","title":"Egypt–Israel peace treaty","date_start":"1979-03-26"},{"id":"1979-international-women-s-day-protests-in-tehran","title":"1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran","date_start":"1979-03-08"}]}},"1980-turkish-coup-d-etat":{"extract":"The 1980 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 12 Eylül darbesi, lit. '12 September coup d'état'), headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic of Turkey, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 coup by memorandum.\n\nDuring the Cold War era, Turkey saw political violence (1976–1980) between the far-left, the far-right (Grey Wolves), the Islamist militant groups, and the state. The violence saw a sharp downturn for a period after the coup, which was welcomed by some for restoring order by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000, of which hundreds would die in prison.\n\nFor the next three years the Turkish Armed Forces ruled the country through the National Security Council, before democracy was restored with the 1983 Turkish general election. This period saw an intensification of the Turkish nationalism of the state, including banning the Kurdish language. The 1983 elections was won by center-right/liberal Motherland Party led by Turgut Özal, who himself was half-Kurdish and led Turkey until his death in 1993. Turkey partially returned to democracy in 1983 and fully in 1989. The Kurdish language ban was lifted in 1991.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376148821,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-22T10:27:27Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d'%C3%A9tat","wikidata_qid":"Q1758028","wikidata_classes":["coup d'état"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Uses ironic wording as fact: the coup was \"welcomed by some for restoring order by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000\".","highlights":["welcomed by some for restoring order by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"welcomed by some for restoring order by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1980","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)","date_start":"1980-09-22"},{"id":"iran-iraq-war","title":"Iran–Iraq War","date_start":"1980-09-22"},{"id":"operation-kaman-99","title":"Operation Kaman 99","date_start":"1980-09-23"},{"id":"siege-of-abadan","title":"Siege of Abadan","date_start":"1980-11-06"},{"id":"operation-morvarid","title":"Operation Morvarid","date_start":"1980-11-29"}]}},"1981-israeli-legislative-election":{"extract":"Legislative elections were held in Israel on 30 June 1981 to elect the 120 members of the Knesset. The ruling Likud won one more seat than the opposition Alignment, in line with many polls which had predicted a tight race. Voter turnout was 78.5%, with Likud receiving around ten thousand more than the Alignment. This elections highlighted the polarization in the country.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1365219627,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-21T01:45:31Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Israeli_legislative_election","wikidata_qid":"Q2917008","wikidata_classes":["Israeli legislative election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"haft-e-tir-bombing","title":"Haft-e Tir bombing","date_start":"1981-06-28"},{"id":"operation-opera","title":"Operation Opera","date_start":"1981-06-07"},{"id":"july-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"July 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-07-24"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"},{"id":"october-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"October 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-10-02"}]}},"war-against-the-islamic-state":{"extract":"Many states began to intervene against the Islamic State (IS), in both the Syrian civil war and the War in Iraq (2013–2017), in response to its rapid territorial gains from its 2014 invasion of Iraq, widely condemned executions, human rights abuses and the fear of further spillovers of the Syrian civil war. In later years, there were also minor interventions by some states against IS-affiliated groups in Nigeria and Libya. All these efforts significantly degraded the Islamic State's capabilities by around 2019–2020. While moderate fighting continues in Syria, as of 2026, IS has been contained to a small area and force capability.\n\nIn mid-June 2014, Iran, according to American and British information, started flying drones over Iraq, and Iranian soldiers were in Iraq fighting IS. Simultaneously, the US ordered a small number of troops to Iraq and started flying crewed aircraft over Iraq. In July 2014, Iran sent Sukhoi Su-25 aircraft to Iraq, and Hezbollah purportedly sent trainers and advisers to Iraq in order to help Shia militias to monitor IS's movements. In August 2014, the US and Iran separately began a campaign of airstrikes on IS targets in Iraq. Since then, fourteen countries in a US-led coalition have also executed airstrikes on IS in Iraq and in Syria. Starting from September 2014, the US began closely co-operating with Saudi Arabia and Jordan to wage a co-ordinated aerial bombing campaign against IS targets across Iraq and Syria.\n\nIn September 2015, Russian forces launched their military intervention in Syria to support their ally, Bashar al-Assad, in the fight against the Islamic State. Although Moscow officially portrayed its intervention as an anti-IS campaign and publicly declared support for the \"patriotic Syrian opposition\", the vast majority of its bombings were focused on destroying bases of the Syrian opposition militias of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and Southern Front. On the other hand, the United States and its Western allies have been opposed to the former Ba'athist regime for its purported state-sponsorship of terrorism, violent repression of the Syrian revolution and extensive use of chemical weapons. The US-led coalition trained, equipped and supported secular Free Syrian and Kurdish militias opposed to the Assad government during its anti-IS campaign. In the months following the beginning of both air campaigns, IS began to lose ground in both Iraq and Syria. Civilian deaths from airstrikes began to mount in 2015 and 2016. In mid-2016, the US and Russia planned to begin coordinating their airstrikes; however, this coordination did not materialize.\n\nAs of December 2017, IS was estimated to control no territory in Iraq, and 5% of Syrian territory, after prolonged actions. On 9 December 2017, Iraq declared victory in the fight against ISIL and stated that the War in Iraq was over. On 23 March 2019, IS was defeated territorially in Syria after losing the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, after which the group was forced into an insurgency. IS's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, died during a US special operations raid in northern Syria in October 2019 and was succeeded by Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi. In August 2020, over 10,000 IS fighters were estimated to remain in Syria and Iraq, mainly as sleeper cells.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380608118,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-16T20:11:53Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State","wikidata_qid":"Q17507684","wikidata_classes":["military intervention","armed conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"DOUBT","guideline_name":"Expressions of doubt","shortcut":"MOS:DOUBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Expressions_of_doubt","phrase":"its purported state-sponsorship of terrorism","note":"\"Purported\" casts doubt on the Western charge against the Syrian government in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who doubts it."},{"guideline":"DOUBT","guideline_name":"Expressions of doubt","shortcut":"MOS:DOUBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Expressions_of_doubt","phrase":"Hezbollah purportedly sent trainers","note":"\"Purportedly\" casts doubt on the report of Hezbollah trainers in Iraq without saying whose account it is or who doubts it."}],"highlights":["its purported state-sponsorship of terrorism","Hezbollah purportedly sent trainers"]},"highlights":[{"text":"its purported state-sponsorship of terrorism","kind":"wording"},{"text":"Hezbollah purportedly sent trainers","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q926905","label":"Iraqi insurgency","id":"iraqi-insurgency-2003-2011"},{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"includes":[{"id":"operation-chammal","title":"Opération Chammal","date_start":"2014-09-19"},{"id":"operation-inherent-resolve","title":"Operation Inherent Resolve","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"united-states-intervention-in-syria","title":"United States intervention in Syria","date_start":"2014-09-22"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"siege-of-deir-ez-zor-2014-2017","title":"Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)","date_start":"2014-07-14"},{"id":"siege-of-kobani","title":"Siege of Kobanî","date_start":"2014-09-15"},{"id":"2015-2016-latakia-offensive","title":"2015–2016 Latakia offensive","date_start":"2015-01-01"},{"id":"battle-of-idlib-2015","title":"Battle of Idlib (2015)","date_start":"2015-03-28"},{"id":"ghouta-chemical-attack","title":"Ghouta chemical attack","date_start":"2013-08-21"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"camp-speicher-massacre","title":"Camp Speicher massacre","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"2014-israeli-presidential-election","title":"2014 Israeli presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-10"},{"id":"fall-of-mosul","title":"Fall of Mosul","date_start":"2014-06-04"},{"id":"2014-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-03"}]}},"2016-jordanian-general-election":{"extract":"General elections were held in Jordan on 20 September 2016 to elect the 18th House of Representatives. The elections were announced after parliament was dissolved by King Abdullah II on 29 May 2016, with the King appointing Hani Mulki as interim Prime Minister following the resignation of Abdullah Ensour.\n\nFollowing electoral reforms announced in 2015, the elections were the first since 1989 to be held primarily under a form of proportional representation; intervening elections had been held under the single non-transferable vote system, which systematically disadvantaged Islamist political parties, and had been introduced after they won 22 of the 80 seats in the 1989 elections. The reforms led to opposition parties deciding to contest the elections, including the Islamic Action Front (IAF), the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood, which had boycotted several previous elections, including in 2010 and 2013. Splits in the Muslim Brotherhood before the elections led to the defection of hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood figures to form a new, supposedly more moderate party.\n\nThe IAF contested the elections as part of the National Coalition for Reform (NCR) alliance, which included Christians, Circassians and women. Despite being expected to win 20–30 seats, the alliance won only 15 seats, of which 10 were IAF members. The secular Ma'an list won two seats in Amman's third district, gaining parliamentary representation for the first time. Women made historic gains, with 20 of 130 elected members being female, an increase from 18 of the 150 seats available in the 2013 elections. Voter turnout was reported to be 37%, lower than previous elections and attributed to the inability of Jordanian expatriates (around one million) to vote due to the new electoral law. The elections were regarded as fair and transparent by international observers, though Jordanian elections are often marred by significant deficiencies, such as a bias towards candidates loyal to the monarchy and other elites.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1373235881,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-04T19:31:35Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Jordanian_general_election","wikidata_qid":"Q24701991","wikidata_classes":["Jordanian parliamentary election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"DOUBT","guideline_name":"Expressions of doubt","shortcut":"MOS:DOUBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Expressions_of_doubt","phrase":"supposedly more moderate party","note":"\"Supposedly\" casts doubt on the new party's moderation in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who doubts it."}],"highlights":["supposedly more moderate party"]},"highlights":[{"text":"supposedly more moderate party","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"manbij-offensive-2016","title":"Manbij offensive (2016)","date_start":"2016-08-27"},{"id":"battle-of-mosul-2016-2017","title":"Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)","date_start":"2016-10-16"},{"id":"operation-euphrates-shield","title":"Operation Euphrates Shield","date_start":"2016-08-24"},{"id":"august-2016-gaziantep-bombing","title":"August 2016 Gaziantep bombing","date_start":"2016-08-20"},{"id":"battle-of-al-bab","title":"Battle of al-Bab","date_start":"2016-11-06"}]}},"2025-united-states-strikes-on-iranian-nuclear-sites":{"extract":"On June 22, 2025, the United States Air Force and Navy attacked three nuclear facilities in Iran as part of the Twelve-Day War, under the code name Operation Midnight Hammer. The Fordow Uranium Enrichment Plant, the Natanz Nuclear Facility, and the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center were targeted with fourteen GBU-57A/B MOP \"bunker buster\" bombs carried by B-2 Spirit stealth bombers, and Tomahawk missiles fired from a submarine. According to U.S. president Donald Trump, US F-35 and F-22 fighters also entered Iran's airspace to draw its surface-to-air missiles, but no launches were detected.\n\nThe attack was the United States' only offensive action in the Twelve-Day War, which began on June 13 with surprise Israeli strikes, and ended with the ceasefire on June 24, 2025. It was the first U.S. attack on an Iranian target since the 2020 assassination of Qasem Soleimani, and on Iran's territory since a 1988 naval offensive. President Trump claimed the strikes \"completely and totally obliterated\" Iran's key nuclear enrichment facilities, though later reporting indicated only one facility (Fordow) had been \"mostly destroyed.\" A final bomb damage assessment of the strikes was still ongoing as of August 2025. A July 2025 Pentagon assessment found that Iran's nuclear program was likely set back around 2 years. Iranian foreign minister Abbas Araghchi said that nuclear sites sustained severe damage.\n\nCongressional Republicans largely supported Trump's action, while most Democrats and some Republicans were concerned about the constitutionality of the move, its effects, and Iran's response. World reaction was mixed, as some world leaders welcomed the move to incapacitate Iran's nuclear program while others expressed concern over escalation or otherwise condemned the strikes. Iran responded by attacking a U.S. base in Qatar. The next day Trump announced a ceasefire between Iran and Israel. On July 2, Iran suspended cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In February 2026, Trump contradicted his prior claims that the Iranian nuclear program had been \"obliterated\" by again claiming that Iran was rebuilding its nuclear program. Later the same month, the US under Trump launched the 2026 Iran war with the Iranian nuclear program as a justification. Analysts and lawmakers later questioned the extent to which Operation Midnight Hammer had achieved its goals.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1378683806,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-05T17:38:33Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites","wikidata_qid":"Q135005864","wikidata_classes":["airstrike","armed conflict","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"SAID","guideline_name":"Synonyms for \"said\"","shortcut":"MOS:SAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Synonyms_for_said","phrase":"President Trump claimed the strikes","note":"Trump \"claimed\" the damage to the sites, while Iran's foreign minister \"said\" the sites sustained severe damage."}],"highlights":["President Trump claimed the strikes"]},"highlights":[{"text":"President Trump claimed the strikes","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q134900605","label":"Twelve-Day War","id":"twelve-day-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2025-iranian-strikes-on-al-udeid-air-base","title":"2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base","date_start":"2025-06-23"},{"id":"june-2025-iranian-strikes-on-israel","title":"June 2025 Iranian strikes on Israel","date_start":"2025-06-01"},{"id":"june-2025-israeli-strikes-on-iran","title":"June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran","date_start":"2025-06-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"mar-elias-church-attack","title":"Mar Elias Church attack","date_start":"2025-06-22"},{"id":"southern-syria-clashes-july-september-2025","title":"Southern Syria clashes (July–September 2025)","date_start":"2025-07-13"},{"id":"2025-gaza-strip-aid-distribution-killings","title":"2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings","date_start":"2025-05-27"},{"id":"may-2025-gaza-offensive","title":"May 2025 Gaza offensive","date_start":"2025-05-17"},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25"}]}}}