{"young-turk-revolution":{"extract":"The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908; Turkish: Jön Türk Devrimi) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Constitution, recall the parliament, and schedule an election. Thus began the Second Constitutional Era which lasted from 1908–1912 and also the Turkish Revolution, an era of political instability and social change which lasted for more than four decades.\n\nThe revolution took place in Ottoman Rumeli in the context of the Macedonian Struggle and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime. It began with CUP member Ahmed Niyazi's flight into the Albanian highlands. He was soon joined by İsmail Enver, Eyub Sabri, and other Unionist officers. They networked with local Albanians and utilized their connections within the Salonica based Third Army to instigate a large revolt. A string of assassinations by Unionist Fedai also contributed to Abdul Hamid's capitulation. Though the constitutional regime established after the revolution eventually succumbed to Unionist dictatorship by 1913, the Ottoman sultanate ceased to be the base of power in Turkey after 1908.\n\nImmediately after the revolution, Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the Bosnian Crisis.\n\nAfter an attempted monarchist uprising known as the 31 March incident in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother Mehmed V ascended the throne.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380448478,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-15T19:38:37Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F14","anchor":"f14---eleven-seed-dates-the-article-states-to-the-day-day-precision-recorded-date-unchanged"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution","wikidata_qid":"Q4298662","wikidata_classes":["revolution"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Turkey","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q1837704","label":"dissolution of the Ottoman Empire"}]},"1948-palestine-war":{"extract":"The 1948 Palestine war (30 November 1947 – 10 March 1949), known in Palestine as the Nakba and in Israel as the War of Independence, was fought in the territory of what had been, at the start of the war, British-ruled Mandatory Palestine. It began as a civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities following the United Nations Partition Plan and became an international conflict with the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the termination of the British mandate, and the entry of the armies of neighbouring Arab states into Palestine. During the war, Zionist forces conquered about 78% of the former territory of the mandate, causing the expulsion and flight of over 700,000 Palestinians. Transjordan took control of the territory west of the Jordan River and Egypt occupied the coastal territory around Gaza. The war formally ended with the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which established the Green Line de facto borders of the State of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It was the first war of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the broader Arab–Israeli conflict.\n\nThe war had two main phases, the first being the 1947–1948 civil war, which began on 30 November 1947, a day after the United Nations voted to adopt the Partition Plan for Palestine, which planned for the division of the territory into Jewish and Arab sovereign states. During this period, the British still maintained a declining rule over Palestine and occasionally intervened in the violence. Initially on the defensive, the Zionist forces switched to the offensive in April 1948. In anticipation of an invasion by Arab armies, they enacted Plan Dalet, an operation aimed at securing territory for the establishment of a Jewish state.\n\nThe second phase of the war began on 14 May 1948, with the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel and the termination of the British Mandate at midnight. The following morning, the surrounding Arab armies invaded Palestine, beginning the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Egyptians advanced in the south-east while the Jordanian Arab Legion and Iraqi forces captured the central highlands. Syria and Lebanon fought against the Israeli forces in the north. The newly formed Israel Defense Forces managed to halt the Arab forces and in the following months began pushing them back and capturing territory.\n\nDuring the war, massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides. A campaign of massacres and violence against the Arab population, such as occurred at Lydda and Ramle and the Battle of Haifa, led to the expulsion and flight of over 700,000 Palestinians, with most of their urban areas being depopulated and destroyed. This violence and dispossession is remembered by Palestinians as the Nakba (Arabic for \"the catastrophe\") and resulted in the beginning of the Palestinian refugee problem. Hundreds of thousands of Jews fled or were expelled from Arab states in the three years following the Arab defeat in the war, over 260,000 of which settled in Israel.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379281169,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-09T01:14:40Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war","wikidata_qid":"Q49097","wikidata_classes":["war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Names massacres and a \"campaign\" of violence only against the Arab population; violence against Jews appears only in \"both sides\", and the Arab rejection of the Partition Plan is not mentioned.","highlights":["A campaign of massacres and violence against the Arab population","massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides","note":"Uses \"terror\" for acts by both sides in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides"]},"highlights":[{"text":"A campaign of massacres and violence against the Arab population","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"massacres and acts of terror were conducted by both sides","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"includes":[{"id":"battle-for-jerusalem","title":"Battle for Jerusalem","date_start":"1947-12-01"},{"id":"1948-palestinian-expulsion-and-flight","title":"1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight","date_start":"1948-01-01"},{"id":"1948-arab-israeli-war","title":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","date_start":"1948-05-15"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"united-nations-partition-plan-for-palestine","title":"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine","date_start":"1947-11-29"},{"id":"1947-anti-jewish-riots-in-aden","title":"1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden","date_start":"1947-12-04"},{"id":"haifa-oil-refinery-massacre","title":"Haifa Oil Refinery massacre","date_start":"1947-12-30"},{"id":"balad-al-shaykh-massacre","title":"Balad al-Shaykh massacre","date_start":"1947-12-31"},{"id":"semiramis-hotel-bombing","title":"Semiramis Hotel bombing","date_start":"1948-01-05"}]}},"north-yemen-civil-war":{"extract":"The North Yemen civil war, also known in Yemen as the 26 September Revolution, was a civil war fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic. The war began with a coup d'état carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of Abdullah al-Sallal. He dethroned the newly crowned King and Imam Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. His government abolished slavery in Yemen. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border where he rallied popular support from northern Zaydi tribes to retake power, and the conflict rapidly escalated to a full-scale civil war.\n\nOn the royalist side, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Israel supplied military aid, and Britain offered covert support. The republicans were supported by Egypt (then formally known as the United Arab Republic or UAR) and were supplied warplanes from the Soviet Union. Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and weapons. Despite several military actions and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate by the mid-1960s. Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the June 1967 Six-Day War against Israel. Once the Six-Day War began, Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement in Yemen and began to pull out his forces. The surprising removal of Sallal on November 5 by Yemeni dissidents, who were supported by republican tribesmen, resulted in an internal shift of power in the capital, as the royalists were approaching from the north.\n\nThe new republican government was headed by Abdul Rahman al-Eryani, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman, all of whom promptly resigned or fled the country. The capital was left under the control of Prime Minister Hassan al-Amri. The 1967 siege of Sana'a became the turning point of the war. The remaining republican Prime Minister succeeded in keeping control of Sana'a and, by February 1968, the royalists lifted the siege. Clashes continued in parallel with peace talks until 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire came into effect.\n\nEgyptian military historians refer to the war in Yemen as their \"Vietnam [War]\". Historian Michael Oren (former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easily have been dubbed \"America's Yemen\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378725652,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-05T22:10:44Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war","wikidata_qid":"Q521199","wikidata_classes":["civil war","war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Yemen","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783165","label":"Arab Cold War","id":"arab-cold-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1963-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"1963 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1963-03-08"},{"id":"dhofar-rebellion","title":"Dhofar rebellion","date_start":"1963-06-09"},{"id":"1964-hama-riot","title":"1964 Hama riot","date_start":"1964-04-01"},{"id":"1966-syrian-coup-d-tat","title":"1966 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1966-02-23"},{"id":"1959-mosul-uprising","title":"1959 Mosul uprising","date_start":"1959-03-07"}]}},"battle-of-rafa":{"extract":"The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid. The attack marked the beginning of fighting in the Ottoman territory of Palestine.\n\nAfter the British Empire victories at the Battle of Romani in August 1916 and the Battle of Magdhaba in December, the Ottoman Army had been forced back to the southern edge of Palestine as the EEF pushed eastwards supported by extended lines of communication. This advance depended on the construction of a railway and a water pipeline. With the railway reaching El Arish on 4 January 1917, an attack on Rafa by the newly formed Desert Column became possible. During the day-long assault, the Ottoman garrison defended El Magruntein's series of fortified redoubts and trenches on rising ground surrounded by flat grassland. They were eventually encircled by Australian Light Horsemen, New Zealand mounted riflemen, mounted yeomanry, cameliers and armoured cars. In the late afternoon, the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade captured the central redoubt and the remaining defences were occupied shortly afterwards.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370587062,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T00:13:53Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa","wikidata_qid":"Q3467730","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Told entirely from the British Empire forces' side.","highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-magdhaba","title":"Battle of Magdhaba","date_start":"1916-12-23"},{"id":"battle-of-erzincan-1916","title":"Battle of Erzincan (1916)","date_start":"1916-07-02"},{"id":"battle-of-jerusalem-1917","title":"Battle of Jerusalem","date_start":"1917-11-17"},{"id":"trebizond-campaign","title":"Trebizond Campaign","date_start":"1916-02-05"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"}],"nearby":[{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-rafah","title":"2004 Israeli operation in Rafah","date_start":"2004-05-12","km":3,"bearing":16},{"id":"rafah-paramedic-massacre","title":"Rafah paramedic massacre","date_start":"2025-03-23","km":3.6,"bearing":13},{"id":"killing-of-yahya-sinwar","title":"Killing of Yahya Sinwar","date_start":"2024-10-16","km":4.6,"bearing":14},{"id":"tel-al-sultan-attack","title":"Tel al-Sultan attack","date_start":"2024-05-26","km":6.3,"bearing":15},{"id":"holit-attack","title":"Holit attack","date_start":"2023-10-07","km":9.5,"bearing":114}],"same_time":[{"id":"first-battle-of-gaza","title":"First Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-03-26"},{"id":"second-battle-of-gaza","title":"Second Battle of Gaza","date_start":"1917-04-17"},{"id":"battle-of-romani","title":"Battle of Romani","date_start":"1916-08-03"},{"id":"battle-of-aqaba","title":"Battle of Aqaba","date_start":"1917-07-06"}]}},"armistice-of-mudanya":{"extract":"The Armistice of Mudanya (Turkish: Mudanya Mütarekesi) was an agreement between Turkey (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) and Italy, France, and Britain, signed in the town of Mudanya, in the province of Bursa, on 11 October 1922. The Kingdom of Greece acceded to the armistice on 14 October 1922.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1360159299,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-19T16:24:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya","wikidata_qid":"Q6541445","wikidata_classes":["armistice","treaty","ceasefire"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"turkish-capture-of-smyrna","title":"Turkish capture of Smyrna","date_start":"1922-09-09"},{"id":"battle-of-dumlup-nar","title":"Battle of Dumlupınar","date_start":"1922-08-26"},{"id":"uqair-protocol-of-1922","title":"Uqair Protocol of 1922","date_start":"1922-12-02"}]}},"assassination-of-hrant-dink":{"extract":"The prominent Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink was assassinated in Istanbul on 19 January 2007. Dink was a newspaper editor who had written and spoken about the Armenian genocide and was well known for his efforts for reconciliation between Turks and Armenians and his advocacy of human and minority rights in Turkey. At the time of his death, he was on trial for violating Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code and \"denigrating Turkishness\". His murder sparked both massive national protests in Turkey itself as well as widespread international outrage.\n\nDink was assassinated by Ogün Samast who was sentenced to at least 25 years in prison. Erhan Tuncel, who orchestrated the assassination, received 99 1/2 years in prison.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1377137990,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-28T01:45:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink","wikidata_qid":"Q4808511","wikidata_classes":["political murder","killing of journalist","assassination"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2016-besiktas-bombings","title":"2016 Beşiktaş bombings","date_start":"2016-12-10","km":1.5,"bearing":161},{"id":"bloody-sunday-1969","title":"Bloody Sunday (1969)","date_start":"1969-02-16","km":1.8,"bearing":185},{"id":"istanbul-pogrom","title":"Istanbul pogrom","date_start":"1955-09-06","km":1.8,"bearing":187},{"id":"2022-istanbul-bombing","title":"2022 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2022-11-13","km":2,"bearing":195},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19","km":2,"bearing":195}],"same_time":[{"id":"execution-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Execution of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2006-12-30"},{"id":"2006-israeli-operation-in-beit-hanoun","title":"2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun","date_start":"2006-11-08"},{"id":"2007-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2007 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2007-05-27"},{"id":"battle-of-gaza-2007","title":"Battle of Gaza (2007)","date_start":"2007-06-10"},{"id":"2006-qana-airstrike","title":"2006 Qana airstrike","date_start":"2006-07-30"}]}},"2010-baghdad-church-siege":{"extract":"On 31 October 2010, six suicide bombers of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) militant group stormed into the Sayidat al-Nejat Cathedral (a Syriac Catholic church in Baghdad) during Sunday evening Mass, taking the congregants hostage. The ISI was a militant group which aimed to overthrow the Iraqi federal government and establish an Islamic state in Iraq.\n\nHours later, Iraqi commandos stormed the church. In the ensuing confrontation, fifty-eight worshippers, priests, policemen, and bystanders were killed and seventy-eight were wounded or maimed. World leaders and some Iraqi Sunni and Shi'ite imams condemned the massacre.\n\nIn late November 2010, Huthaifa al-Batawi, who was accused of masterminding the assault, was arrested along with eleven others in connection with the attack. During a failed attempt to escape in May 2011, Batawi and ten other senior ISI militants were killed by an Iraqi SWAT team. On 2 August 2011, three other men were sentenced to death and a fourth to 20 years in prison in connection with the massacre. In 2012, an appeals court confirmed the sentences.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368386840,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-08T19:38:20Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_siege","wikidata_qid":"Q569232","wikidata_classes":["attack on church","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17514348","label":"persecution of Christians by the Islamic State"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-baghdad-2003","title":"Battle of Baghdad (2003)","date_start":"2003-01-01","km":1,"bearing":332},{"id":"2016-karrada-bombing","title":"2016 Karrada bombing","date_start":"2016-07-03","km":1.3,"bearing":204},{"id":"attack-on-the-united-states-embassy-in-baghdad","title":"Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad","date_start":"2019-12-31","km":2.9,"bearing":252},{"id":"december-2019-united-states-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria","title":"December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria","date_start":"2019-01-01","km":2.9,"bearing":252},{"id":"january-2021-baghdad-bombings","title":"January 2021 Baghdad bombings","date_start":"2021-01-21","km":2.9,"bearing":335}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-spring","title":"Arab Spring","date_start":"2010-12-18"},{"id":"2010-turkish-constitutional-referendum","title":"2010 Turkish constitutional referendum","date_start":"2010-09-12"},{"id":"2011-alexandria-bombing","title":"2011 Alexandria bombing","date_start":"2011-01-01"},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25"},{"id":"yemeni-revolution","title":"Yemeni revolution","date_start":"2011-01-27"}]}},"2011-alexandria-bombing":{"extract":"Twenty-three people were killed and another ninety-seven were injured in a bombing attack targeting Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, on New Year's Day, 1 January 2011. The attack occurred as the Christian worshipers were leaving a church. The attack was the deadliest act of violence against Egypt's Coptic Christians in a decade, since the Kosheh massacre in 2000 left 20 Copts dead. The target of the bombing was the Saints Church, a Coptic church located across the street from the Masjid Sharq El-Madina mosque.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370382692,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-20T20:30:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q44310","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q3064177","label":"persecution of Egyptian Copts"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"botroseya-church-bombing","title":"Botroseya Church bombing","date_start":"2016-12-11"},{"id":"palm-sunday-church-bombings","title":"Palm Sunday church bombings","date_start":"2017-04-09"}],"nearby":[{"id":"raid-on-alexandria-1941","title":"Raid on Alexandria (1941)","date_start":"1941-12-19","km":15.5,"bearing":233}],"same_time":[{"id":"arab-spring","title":"Arab Spring","date_start":"2010-12-18"},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-2011","title":"2011 Egyptian revolution","date_start":"2011-01-25"},{"id":"yemeni-revolution","title":"Yemeni revolution","date_start":"2011-01-27"},{"id":"sinai-insurgency","title":"Sinai insurgency","date_start":"2011-02-05"},{"id":"2011-bahraini-uprising","title":"2011 Bahraini uprising","date_start":"2011-02-14"}]}},"2017-sinai-mosque-attack":{"extract":"At 1:50 PM EET on 24 November 2017, the al-Rawda mosque was attacked by roughly 40 gunmen during Friday prayers. The mosque is located in the village of Al-Rawda east of the town of Bir al-Abed in Egypt's North Sinai Governorate. It is one of the main mosques associated with the Jaririya Sufi order, one of the largest Sufi orders in North Sinai. The Jaririya order is named for its founder, Sheikh Eid Abu Jarir, who was a member of the Sawarka tribe and the Jarira clan. The Jarira clan resides in the vicinity of Bir al-Abed. The attack killed 311 people and injured at least 128, making it the deadliest attack in Egyptian history. It was the second-deadliest terrorist attack of 2017, after the Mogadishu bombings on 14 October. The attack was universally condemned by many world leaders and organizations.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380681959,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-17T06:26:29Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack","wikidata_qid":"Q43544477","wikidata_classes":["terrorist attack","bomb attack","attack on mosque"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"the second-deadliest terrorist attack of 2017","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the attack in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["the second-deadliest terrorist attack of 2017"]},"highlights":[{"text":"the second-deadliest terrorist attack of 2017","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"united-states-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel","title":"United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel","date_start":"2017-12-06"},{"id":"iraqi-insurgency-2017-present","title":"Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)","date_start":"2017-12-09"},{"id":"iranian-protests-against-compulsory-hijab","title":"Iranian protests against compulsory hijab","date_start":"2017-12-27"},{"id":"2017-2018-iranian-protests","title":"2017–2018 Iranian protests","date_start":"2017-12-28"},{"id":"battle-of-raqqa-2017","title":"Battle of Raqqa (2017)","date_start":"2017-10-17"}]}},"franco-turkish-war":{"extract":"The Franco–Turkish War, known as the Cilicia Campaign (French: La campagne de Cilicie) in France and as the Southern Front (Turkish: Güney Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey, was a series of conflicts fought between France (the French Colonial Forces and the French Armenian Legion) and the Turkish National Forces (led by the Turkish provisional government after 4 September 1920) from December 1918 to October 1921 in the aftermath of World War I. French interest in the region stemmed from the Sykes-Picot Agreement and was further fueled by a refugee crisis following the Armenian genocide.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375770622,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-19T23:59:46Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War","wikidata_qid":"Q1450532","wikidata_classes":["war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q234738","label":"Turkish War of Independence","id":"turkish-war-of-independence"}],"includes":[{"id":"battle-of-marash","title":"Battle of Marash","date_start":"1920-01-21"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"greco-turkish-war-1919-1922","title":"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","date_start":"1919-05-15"},{"id":"chanak-crisis","title":"Chanak crisis","date_start":"1922-09-01"}]}},"montreux-convention-regarding-the-regime-of-the-straits":{"extract":"The (Montreux) Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits, often known simply as the Montreux Convention, is an international agreement governing the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits in Turkey. Signed on 20 July 1936 at the Montreux Palace in Switzerland, it went into effect on 9 November 1936, addressing the long running Straits Question over who should control the strategically vital link between the Black and Mediterranean seas.\n\nThe Montreux Convention regulates maritime traffic through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits in Turkey. It guarantees \"complete freedom\" of passage for all civilian vessels in times of peace. In peacetime, military vessels are limited in number, tonnage and weaponry, with specific provisions governing their mode of entry and duration of stay. If they want to pass through the Strait, warships must provide advance notification to the Turkish authorities, which, in turn, must inform the parties to the convention. In wartime, if Turkey is not involved in the conflict, warships of the nations at war may not pass through the Straits, except when returning to their base. When Turkey is at war, or feels threatened by a war, it may take any decision about the passage of warships as it sees fit.\n\nWhile it was designed for a particular geopolitical context, and remains unchanged since its adoption, the Montreux Convention has endured as a \"solid example of a rules-based international order\", since most of its terms are still followed.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1358705200,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-06-10T11:44:15Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits","wikidata_qid":"Q869500","wikidata_classes":["multilateral treaty","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"zurich-protocols":{"extract":"The Zurich Protocols were two bilateral protocols signed in 2009 by Armenia and Turkey that envisioned starting the process of normalizing relations between the two countries. The Protocols included provisions for the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the opening of the Turkish-Armenian border (which has been closed since 1993), and the establishment of a joint historical commission on the Armenian genocide issue. The agreement, which later proved to be ineffectual, had been brokered by the United States, Russia and France.\n\nOn 10 October 2009, the foreign ministers, Ahmet Davutoğlu for Turkey and Eduard Nalbandyan for Armenia, signed in Zurich the two protocols in a ceremony attended also by then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner and Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov.\n\nThe Protocols required ratification from parliaments of both countries. In an effort to de-link issues, the protocols did not mention the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. They also did not include a deadline for ratification.\n\nOn 12 January 2010, the Constitutional Court of Armenia approved the Protocols while making a number of observations that the Turkish side viewed as containing \"preconditions and restrictive provisions which impair the letter and spirit of the protocols\". The Turkish side also began to tie the normalization process with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stating that the Turkish-Armenian border would not be opened without the withdrawal of Armenian forces from Azerbaijani territory.\n\nThe Protocols faced immense criticism in both countries, with some Armenians accusing their government of selling out and some in Turkey upset that the Protocols did not refer to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Meanwhile, Azerbaijan reacted negatively to the Protocols and applied pressure on Turkey not to go forward with the rapprochement with Armenia. Thus, the Protocols languished in both nations' parliaments without ratification after its signing.\n\nIn February 2015, the Armenian part, represented by President Sargsyan, recalled the protocols from parliament, citing the \"absence of political will\" on the Turkish side. Then, in December 2017 citing lack of any \"positive progress towards their implementation\" by Turkey, the Armenian side vowed to declare them void and null, which Armenia formally did on 1 March 2018.\n\nDespite the bitterness resulting from the stalling of the normalization process, some authors think that the Zurich Protocols could still represent a way forward for the Armenia-Turkey normalization process.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1375806586,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-20T04:39:25Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Protocols","wikidata_qid":"Q20512994","wikidata_classes":["treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2009-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2009 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2009-06-14"},{"id":"2009-iranian-presidential-election-protests","title":"2009 Iranian presidential election protests","date_start":"2010-02-11"},{"id":"2009-lebanese-general-election","title":"2009 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2009-06-07"},{"id":"2010-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2010 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2010-03-07"},{"id":"south-yemen-insurgency","title":"South Yemen insurgency","date_start":"2009-04-27"}]}},"gaza-strip-evacuations":{"extract":"During the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) ordered mass evacuations in Gaza, which the IDF said were to minimize civilian casualties in its war against Hamas, resulting in one of the largest displacements of Palestinians since 1948. On 13 October 2023, just one week after Hamas' attack on Israel, Israel instructed 1.1 million Gazans north of the Wadi Gaza, including those in Gaza City, to evacuate within 24 hours. This evacuation triggered a humanitarian crisis, which Palestinians (and some Israelis) have compared to the Nakba of 1948.\n\nIsrael's ground invasion of Gaza began on 27 October 2023. By early November 2024, around 800,000 to 1 million Gazans had relocated to the southern part of the Strip, while 350,000 to 400,000 remained in the north. Evacuees described the perilous journey as filled with fear and insecurity, citing attacks by the Israeli military and the sight of corpses along the evacuation routes. Even after reaching the south, evacuees faced continued bombings, leaving no truly safe place in Gaza.\n\nThe crisis intensified on 1 December 2023, when Israel began issuing evacuation orders throughout the entire Gaza Strip, dividing it into 620 zones and pushing a majority of Palestinians into an area one-third the territory's size. By mid-2024, close to two-thirds of Gaza's population had been relocated into less than one-fifth of the Strip, with additional evacuation orders placing 83 percent of the entire region under displacement directives by July. By August 2024, Israel's orders became so frequent that some residents stopped complying, believing no part of Gaza was safer than any other, while others could not comply due to overcrowding in designated \"safe zones.\" In October 2024, forced evacuations in the besieged northern Gaza intensified fears that Israel was actively implementing aspects of the \"generals' plan\" to clear northern Gaza of Palestinians.\n\nIn September 2025, the United Nations stated that more than 2 million Palestineans were being pushed into increasingly shrinking areas, amounting to around 13% of the Gaza Strip, primarily within the al-Mawasi humanitarian zone. Originally farmland, the Israeli-designated zone was transformed into a densely packed tent city. Aid agencies have described conditions there lacking adequate sanitation, shelter, food, and water.\n\nThese forced evacuations have drawn severe criticism globally, with legal experts, human rights organizations, and diplomats condemning them as war crimes and crimes against humanity. South Africa has referenced these evacuations in its genocide case against Israel.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376517178,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-24T17:01:17Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations","wikidata_qid":"Q123049614","wikidata_classes":["population transfer","evacuation","ethnic cleansing"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Gives the IDF's stated reason, then relies on evacuee and critic accounts, with \"forced evacuations\" as fact.","highlights":["forced evacuations"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"forced evacuations","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q123029506","label":"evacuations during the Gaza war"},{"qid":"Q124086054","label":"Gaza genocide","id":"gaza-genocide"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"attacks-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-2023-present","title":"Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-01"},{"id":"gaza-strip-famine","title":"Gaza Strip famine","date_start":"2023-10-01"},{"id":"al-shati-refugee-camp-airstrikes","title":"Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes","date_start":"2023-10-12"},{"id":"al-ahli-arab-hospital-explosion","title":"Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion","date_start":"2023-10-17"},{"id":"church-of-saint-porphyrius-airstrike","title":"Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike","date_start":"2023-10-19"}]}},"political-violence-in-turkey-1976-1980":{"extract":"Political violence in Turkey became a serious problem in the late 1970s and was even described as a \"low-level civil war\". Far-left groups such as Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front, and separate Maoist groups , also Turkish right-wing ultranationalist gangs (sometimes allied with the state), were responsible for most of the violence. Ultimately, over 5,000 people died in the conflict. The violence lessened for a while after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état and was later overshadowed by the PKK insurgency in 1984.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1378427875,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-04T12:19:24Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)","wikidata_qid":"Q7225137","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict"],"date_flags":["date_start_year_not_in_lead: start year 1968 (1968-01-01) is not within 1 year of any year in the Wikipedia lead [1980, 1984]"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8683","label":"Cold War"}],"includes":[{"id":"bloody-sunday-1969","title":"Bloody Sunday (1969)","date_start":"1969-02-16"},{"id":"1971-turkish-military-memorandum","title":"1971 Turkish military memorandum","date_start":"1971-03-12"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"war-of-attrition","title":"War of Attrition","date_start":"1967-07-01"},{"id":"aden-emergency","title":"Aden Emergency","date_start":"1963-10-14"},{"id":"arab-cold-war","title":"Arab Cold War","date_start":"1979-02-11"},{"id":"suez-crisis","title":"Suez Crisis","date_start":"1956-10-29"},{"id":"1953-iranian-coup-d-tat","title":"1953 Iranian coup d'état","date_start":"1953-08-15"}]}},"2005-palestinian-presidential-election":{"extract":"The 2005 Palestinian Presidential elections were held in the West Bank and Gaza Strip of the Palestinian National Authority on Sunday, 9 January 2005 to elect the President of the Palestinian National Authority, to succeed Yasser Arafat, who had died on 11 November 2004. The election was the first to be held since the 1996 general election, and voters elected Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Mahmoud Abbas for a four-year term.\n\nSeven candidates contested the election. Abbas won over 67% of the votes cast, independent candidate Mustafa Barghouti came second with 21%, and the remaining candidates were far behind. The election was boycotted by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Hamas urged supporters to stay away, but did not try to disrupt the election. In the Gaza Strip, where Hamas is strongest, it is estimated that about half of the eligible voters voted.\n\nNo presidential elections have taken place since 2005. Abbas has continued in office since the expiration of the four-year term on 9 January 2009, with planned elections repeatedly postponed.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381081186,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T22:17:56Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Palestinian_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q1965086","wikidata_classes":["presidential election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"january-2005-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2005-01-30"},{"id":"assassination-of-rafic-hariri","title":"Assassination of Rafic Hariri","date_start":"2005-02-14"},{"id":"cedar-revolution","title":"Cedar Revolution","date_start":"2005-02-14"},{"id":"2004-sinai-bombings","title":"2004 Sinai bombings","date_start":"2004-10-07"}]}},"2015-2016-lebanese-protests":{"extract":"The 2015–2016 Lebanese protests, commonly referred to as the \"You Stink\" movement (Arabic: مظاهرات طلعت ريحتكم ), were a series of mass demonstrations in reaction to a waste management crisis in Lebanon. The closure of the Naameh landfill, which operated beyond its intended capacity since 1997, led to the suspension of garbage collection across Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Trash accumulated in urban areas piled up and public outcry mounted. It startled protests that quickly turned in to a broader movement, in which participators demanded political reform, government accountability and an end of Lebanon's sectarian power-sharing system.\n\nThe protests were noted for their non-sectarian and decentralised structure. Participators came from various classes of Lebanese society, challenging political class across confessional lines. Protesters came together through social media and creative forms of expression including satire, visual art, and symbolic performance. Slogans such as \"The people want the fall of the regime\", were also used during the Arab Spring and were directed at Lebanon's ruling elite.\n\nAlthough the protests did not immediately lead to institutional reforms, they played a significant role in developing Lebanese contemporary civil society. Multiple civic initiatives, such as the Beirut Madinati campaign in the 2016 Lebanese municipal elections, drew inspiration from the You Stink movement and is seen as a precursor to the 2019 October uprising.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381556418,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-23T08:44:39Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Lebanese_protests","wikidata_qid":"Q20859038","wikidata_classes":["protest"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"suruc-bombing","title":"Suruç bombing","date_start":"2015-07-20"},{"id":"joint-comprehensive-plan-of-action","title":"Iran nuclear deal","date_start":"2015-07-14"},{"id":"russian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2015-09-30"},{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10"},{"id":"2015-kuwait-mosque-bombing","title":"2015 Kuwait mosque bombing","date_start":"2015-06-26"}]}}}