{"first-battle-of-catalca":{"extract":"The First Battle of Çatalca was one of the heaviest battles of the First Balkan War fought between 17 and 18 November [O.S. 4–5 November] 1912. It was initiated as an attempt of the combined Bulgarian First and Third armies, under the overall command of lieutenant general Radko Dimitriev, to defeat the Ottoman Army stationed in Çatalca and break through the last Turkish defensive line before the capital Constantinople. The high casualties however forced the Bulgarians to call off the attack.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380908159,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-18T18:14:03Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca","wikidata_qid":"Q2499424","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q177918","label":"First Balkan War"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"siege-of-adrianople-1912-1913","title":"Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)","date_start":"1912-11-03"},{"id":"battle-of-lule-burgas","title":"Battle of Lule Burgas","date_start":"1912-10-28"},{"id":"battle-of-elli","title":"Battle of Elli","date_start":"1912-12-16"},{"id":"battle-of-bulair","title":"Battle of Bulair","date_start":"1913-01-26"}],"nearby":[{"id":"2016-ataturk-airport-attack","title":"2016 Atatürk Airport attack","date_start":"2016-06-28","km":35,"bearing":121},{"id":"june-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"June 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-06-07","km":43.8,"bearing":109},{"id":"istanbul-convention","title":"Istanbul Convention","date_start":"2011-05-11","km":44.2,"bearing":109},{"id":"2003-istanbul-bombings","title":"2003 Istanbul bombings","date_start":"2003-11-01","km":44.6,"bearing":107},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19","km":45,"bearing":105}],"same_time":[{"id":"balkan-wars","title":"Balkan Wars","date_start":"1912-10-08"},{"id":"1912-ottoman-coup-d-etat","title":"1912 Ottoman coup d'état","date_start":"1912-07-17"}]}},"landing-at-anzac-cove":{"extract":"The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday, 25 April 1915, also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe and, to the Turks, as the Arıburnu Battle, was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire, which began the land phase of the Gallipoli campaign of the First World War.\n\nThe assault troops, mostly from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), landed at night on the western (Aegean Sea) side of the peninsula. They were put ashore one mi (1.6 km) north of their intended landing beach. In the darkness, the assault formations became mixed up, but the troops gradually made their way inland, under increasing opposition from the Ottoman Turkish defenders. Not long after coming ashore, the ANZAC plans were discarded, and the companies and battalions were thrown into battle piecemeal and received mixed orders. Some advanced to their designated objectives, while others were diverted to other areas and ordered to dig in along defensive ridge lines.\n\nAlthough they failed to achieve their objectives, by nightfall the ANZACs had formed a beachhead, albeit much smaller than intended. In some places, they were clinging onto cliff faces with no organised defence system. Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation, but after taking advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be, the army commander decided they would stay. The exact number of the day's casualties is not known. The ANZACs had landed two divisions, but over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded, together with at least a similar number of Turkish casualties.\n\nSince 1916, the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day, becoming one of the most important commemorative dates for Australia and New Zealand. The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey and the United Kingdom.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1372471244,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-31T22:25:23Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove","wikidata_qid":"Q2624963","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q361","label":"World War I","id":"world-war-i"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-bitlis","title":"Battle of Bitlis","date_start":"1915-07-01"},{"id":"raid-on-the-suez-canal","title":"Raid on the Suez Canal","date_start":"1915-01-26"},{"id":"battle-of-sarikamish","title":"Battle of Sarikamish","date_start":"1914-12-22"},{"id":"middle-eastern-theatre-of-world-war-i","title":"Middle Eastern theatre of World War I","date_start":"1914-10-30"},{"id":"erzurum-offensive","title":"Erzurum offensive","date_start":"1916-01-10"}],"nearby":[{"id":"gallipoli-campaign","title":"Gallipoli campaign","date_start":"1915-02-19","km":0.9,"bearing":204},{"id":"battle-of-imbros","title":"Battle of Imbros","date_start":"1918-01-20","km":26.8,"bearing":267}],"same_time":[{"id":"armenian-genocide","title":"Armenian genocide","date_start":"1915-04-24"},{"id":"defense-of-van-1915","title":"Defense of Van (1915)","date_start":"1915-04-19"},{"id":"20-hunchakian-gallows","title":"20 Hunchakian gallows","date_start":"1915-06-15"},{"id":"naval-operations-in-the-dardanelles-campaign","title":"Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign","date_start":"1915-02-19"},{"id":"sinai-and-palestine-campaign","title":"Sinai and Palestine campaign","date_start":"1915-01-28"}]}},"balad-al-shaykh-massacre":{"extract":"The Balad al-Shaykh massacre was the killing of a large number of Palestinians by the Haganah in the village of Balad al-Shaykh during the early stages of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine. It was one of the largest, and earliest, massacres during the 1948 Palestine war.\n\nBetween 60 and 70 Arab villagers were killed in the attack, which was conducted as a retaliation to the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre. The killings had a significant effect on morale amongst Palestinian civilians in the Haifa region and contributed to the 1947–1949 Palestinian expulsion and flight.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1340642633,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-02-26T21:24:47Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q4115104","wikidata_classes":["massacre","reprisal"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q12184968","label":"ethnic cleansing in Palestine"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"deir-yassin-massacre","title":"Deir Yassin massacre","date_start":"1948-04-09"},{"id":"operation-yoav","title":"Operation Yoav","date_start":"1948-10-15"},{"id":"al-dawayima-massacre","title":"Al-Dawayima massacre","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"operation-hiram","title":"Operation Hiram","date_start":"1948-10-29"},{"id":"qibya-massacre","title":"Qibya massacre","date_start":"1953-10-15"}],"nearby":[{"id":"haifa-oil-refinery-massacre","title":"Haifa Oil Refinery massacre","date_start":"1947-12-30","km":2.5,"bearing":20},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1918","title":"Battle of Haifa (1918)","date_start":"1918-09-23","km":7.4,"bearing":312},{"id":"battle-of-haifa-1948","title":"Battle of Haifa (1948)","date_start":"1948-04-21","km":7.9,"bearing":307},{"id":"maxim-restaurant-suicide-bombing","title":"Maxim restaurant suicide bombing","date_start":"2003-10-04","km":9.3,"bearing":299},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30","km":34.3,"bearing":78}],"same_time":[{"id":"semiramis-hotel-bombing","title":"Semiramis Hotel bombing","date_start":"1948-01-05"},{"id":"1947-anti-jewish-riots-in-aden","title":"1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden","date_start":"1947-12-04"},{"id":"1948-palestine-war","title":"1948 Palestine war","date_start":"1947-11-30"},{"id":"united-nations-partition-plan-for-palestine","title":"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine","date_start":"1947-11-29"},{"id":"operation-nachshon","title":"Operation Nachshon","date_start":"1948-04-05"}]}},"1958-lebanon-crisis":{"extract":"The 1958 Lebanon crisis was a political crisis in Lebanon caused by political and religious tensions in the country that included an American military intervention, which lasted for around three months until President Camille Chamoun, who had requested the assistance, completed his term as president of Lebanon. American and Lebanese government forces occupied the Port of Beirut and Beirut International Airport. With the crisis over, the United States withdrew.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370279391,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-20T04:55:59Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis","wikidata_qid":"Q1542222","wikidata_classes":["political crisis","proxy war","war"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q4783165","label":"Arab Cold War","id":"arab-cold-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"14-july-revolution","title":"14 July Revolution","date_start":"1958-07-14"},{"id":"1959-mosul-uprising","title":"1959 Mosul uprising","date_start":"1959-03-07"},{"id":"north-yemen-civil-war","title":"North Yemen civil war","date_start":"1962-09-26"},{"id":"1963-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"1963 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1963-03-08"},{"id":"dhofar-rebellion","title":"Dhofar rebellion","date_start":"1963-06-09"}],"nearby":[{"id":"1973-israeli-raid-in-lebanon","title":"1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon","date_start":"1973-01-01","km":23.1,"bearing":289},{"id":"karantina-massacre","title":"Karantina massacre","date_start":"1976-01-18","km":23.1,"bearing":289},{"id":"assassination-of-saleh-al-arouri","title":"Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri","date_start":"2024-01-02","km":23.4,"bearing":277},{"id":"2021-beirut-clashes","title":"2021 Beirut clashes","date_start":"2021-10-14","km":23.7,"bearing":280},{"id":"2020-beirut-explosion","title":"2020 Beirut explosion","date_start":"2020-08-04","km":24.1,"bearing":288}]}},"sabena-flight-571":{"extract":"Sabena Flight 571 was a scheduled passenger flight from Brussels to Tel Aviv via Vienna, operated by the Belgian national airline, Sabena. On 8 May 1972, a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft operating that service, captained by British pilot Reginald Levy, DFC, was hijacked by four members of the Black September Organization, a Palestinian terrorist group.\n\nFollowing their instructions, Captain Levy landed the plane at Lod Airport in Israel. The hijackers demanded Israel release Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the hostages. The standoff was ended by an Israeli commando raid in which all of the hijackers were killed or captured.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-03","wikipedia_revid":1378107498,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T00:41:36Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571","wikidata_qid":"Q15106049","wikidata_classes":["aircraft hijacking"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"a Palestinian terrorist group","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the Black September Organization in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["a Palestinian terrorist group"]},"highlights":[{"text":"a Palestinian terrorist group","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8669","label":"Arab–Israeli conflict","id":"arab-israeli-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"black-september-in-jordan","title":"Black September","date_start":"1970-09-06"},{"id":"lebanese-civil-war","title":"Lebanese Civil War","date_start":"1975-04-13"},{"id":"war-of-attrition","title":"War of Attrition","date_start":"1967-07-01"},{"id":"six-day-war","title":"Six-Day War","date_start":"1967-06-05"},{"id":"operation-opera","title":"Operation Opera","date_start":"1981-06-07"}],"nearby":[{"id":"lod-airport-massacre","title":"Lod Airport massacre","date_start":"1972-05-30","km":2.3,"bearing":135},{"id":"palestinian-expulsion-from-lydda-and-ramle","title":"Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle","date_start":"1948-07-01","km":7.5,"bearing":179},{"id":"june-2016-tel-aviv-shooting","title":"June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting","date_start":"2016-06-08","km":11.1,"bearing":309},{"id":"assassination-of-yitzhak-rabin","title":"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin","date_start":"1995-11-04","km":12.1,"bearing":312},{"id":"jaffa-riots-may-1921","title":"Jaffa riots (May 1921)","date_start":"1921-05-01","km":12.5,"bearing":292}],"same_time":[{"id":"first-yemenite-war","title":"First Yemenite War","date_start":"1972-09-26"},{"id":"seizure-of-abu-musa-and-the-greater-and-lesser-tunbs","title":"Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs","date_start":"1971-11-30"}]}},"2004-sinai-bombings":{"extract":"The 2004 Sinai bombings were three bomb attacks targeting tourist hotels in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, on 7 October 2004. The attacks left 34 people dead and 171 injured.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368213608,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-07T18:44:51Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sinai_bombings","wikidata_qid":"Q4603285","wikidata_classes":["suicide bombing","suicide car bombing","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"2011-southern-israel-cross-border-attacks","title":"2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks","date_start":"2011-08-18","km":9.5,"bearing":359}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-samarra-2004","title":"Battle of Samarra (2004)","date_start":"2004-10-01"},{"id":"2004-israeli-operation-in-the-northern-gaza-strip","title":"2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip","date_start":"2004-09-29"},{"id":"second-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Second Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2004-12-23"},{"id":"2005-palestinian-presidential-election","title":"2005 Palestinian presidential election","date_start":"2005-01-09"},{"id":"2004-istanbul-nato-summit","title":"2004 Istanbul NATO summit","date_start":"2004-06-28"}]}},"operation-beit-ol-moqaddas":{"extract":"Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas (Persian: عملیات بیت‌المقدس; Operation Jerusalem), also known as the Operation Toward Beit-ol-Moqaddas (عملیات الی بیت‌المقدس), was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War. The operation was a success, as it achieved its standing aim of liberating Khorramshahr and pushed Iraqi troops back to the border. This operation, coupled with Operation Tariq-ol-Qods, and Operation Fath-ol-Mobin, succeeded in evicting Iraqi troops from southern Iran and gave Iran the momentum, making them extremely significant events.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379409932,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-09T21:05:43Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas","wikidata_qid":"Q3267731","wikidata_classes":["military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Written from the Iranian side (\"liberating Khorramshahr\", \"extremely significant events\").","highlights":["liberating Khorramshahr","extremely significant events"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"liberating Khorramshahr","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"extremely significant events","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q82664","label":"Iran–Iraq War","id":"iran-iraq-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1982","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)","date_start":"1982-04-24"},{"id":"operation-fath-ol-mobin","title":"Operation Fath ol-Mobin","date_start":"1982-03-22"},{"id":"operation-tariq-al-quds","title":"Operation Tariq al-Quds","date_start":"1981-12-07"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"},{"id":"operation-nasr","title":"Operation Nasr","date_start":"1981-01-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"},{"id":"operation-mole-cricket-19","title":"Operation Mole Cricket 19","date_start":"1982-06-09"},{"id":"siege-of-beirut","title":"Siege of Beirut","date_start":"1982-06-14"},{"id":"dujail-massacre","title":"Dujail massacre","date_start":"1982-07-08"},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07"}]}},"1989-iranian-constitutional-referendum":{"extract":"A constitutional referendum was held in Iran on 28 July 1989, alongside presidential elections. Approved by 97.6% of voters, it was the first and so far only time the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been amended. It made several changes to articles 5, 107, 109, 111, and added article 176. It eliminated the need for the Supreme Leader (rahbar) of the country to be a marja or chosen by popular acclaim, it eliminated the post of prime minister, and it created a Supreme National Security Council.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1330952738,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-01-03T15:31:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum","wikidata_qid":"Q3207434","wikidata_classes":["constitutional referendum","referendum"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"first-battle-of-tikrit":{"extract":"The First Battle of Tikrit was fought for the Iraqi city of Tikrit following the city's capture by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Ba'athist Loyalists during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. The battle took place between 26 and 30 June 2014.\n\nIn early June 2014, ISIL took control of a number of cities in northern Iraq, including Tikrit. Tikrit has symbolic significance as the hometown of Saddam Hussein, and is also the administrative center of the Saladin Governorate. The Iraqi government responded on 26 June by launching an air assault operation to recapture the city. This initial attack was reinforced by a ground assault on 28 June. Fighting continued on 29 and 30 June, but the battle was an insurgent victory, with government forces retreating on 30 June. The defeat coincided with ISIL's declaration of a worldwide caliphate on 29 June.\n\nThe Iraqi government made another attempt to retake the city on 15 July, but was again defeated. ISIL responded by attacking nearby Camp Speicher on 17 July. Tikrit remained under ISIL control until the Second Battle of Tikrit in March and April 2015.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1370619001,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-22T03:19:49Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F6","anchor":"f6---three-battles-whose-start-came-out-after-their-end-first-battle-of-tikrit-palmyra-offensive-may-2015-third-battle-of-fallujah"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit","wikidata_qid":"Q17286795","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17984356","label":"Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017","id":"war-in-iraq-2013-2017"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"islamic-state-invasion-of-iraq","title":"Islamic State invasion of Iraq","date_start":"2014-06-05"},{"id":"fall-of-mosul","title":"Fall of Mosul","date_start":"2014-06-04"},{"id":"battle-of-zumar","title":"Battle of Zumar","date_start":"2014-08-01"},{"id":"sinjar-massacre","title":"Sinjar massacre","date_start":"2014-08-01"},{"id":"anbar-campaign-2013-2014","title":"Anbar campaign (2013–2014)","date_start":"2013-12-30"}],"nearby":[{"id":"camp-speicher-massacre","title":"Camp Speicher massacre","date_start":"2014-06-12","km":0,"bearing":90},{"id":"second-battle-of-tikrit","title":"Second Battle of Tikrit","date_start":"2015-03-02","km":0.3,"bearing":179},{"id":"capture-of-saddam-hussein","title":"Capture of Saddam Hussein","date_start":"2003-12-13","km":17,"bearing":148}],"same_time":[{"id":"war-against-the-islamic-state","title":"War against the Islamic State","date_start":"2014-06-13"},{"id":"2014-kidnapping-and-murders-of-israeli-teenagers","title":"2014 kidnapping and murders of Israeli teenagers","date_start":"2014-06-12"},{"id":"2014-israeli-presidential-election","title":"2014 Israeli presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-10"},{"id":"siege-of-deir-ez-zor-2014-2017","title":"Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)","date_start":"2014-07-14"},{"id":"2014-syrian-presidential-election","title":"2014 Syrian presidential election","date_start":"2014-06-03"}]}},"iran-crisis-of-1946":{"extract":"The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan crisis (Persian: غائلهٔ آذربایجان, romanized: Qā'ele-ye Āzarbāyejān) in Iranian sources, was one of the first crises during the aftermath of World War II, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances. The end of World War II should have resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran. Instead, pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed the separatist Azerbaijan People's Government and the Kurdish separatist Republic of Mahabad. The United States pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw is the earliest evidence of success with what would become the new strategy of the Truman Doctrine and containment.\n\nIn August–September 1941, Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers: the Soviet Red Army invaded in the north; the British invaded from the south into the centre. Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union's war efforts.\n\nIn the aftermath of the occupation of Iran, those Allied forces agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities. However, when this deadline came in early 1946, the Soviets, under Joseph Stalin, remained in Iran. Soon, the alliance of the Kurdish and People's Azerbaijani forces, supported in arms and training by the Soviet Union, engaged in fighting with Iranian forces, resulting in a total of 2,000 casualties. Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal and dissolution of the separatist Azerbaijani and Kurdish states.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1374789395,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-14T02:51:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946","wikidata_qid":"Q1132835","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict","crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Framed from the US Cold War perspective: it says in its own voice what the end of the war \"should have\" brought and presents US pressure as \"the earliest evidence of success\" of containment, without saying who holds that view.","highlights":["The end of World War II should have resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran","is the earliest evidence of success"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"The end of World War II should have resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"is the earliest evidence of success","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8683","label":"Cold War"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"march-1949-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"March 1949 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1949-03-29"},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-1952","title":"Egyptian revolution of 1952","date_start":"1952-07-23"},{"id":"1953-iranian-coup-d-tat","title":"1953 Iranian coup d'état","date_start":"1953-08-15"},{"id":"suez-crisis","title":"Suez Crisis","date_start":"1956-10-29"},{"id":"aden-emergency","title":"Aden Emergency","date_start":"1963-10-14"}]}},"1949-israeli-constituent-assembly-election":{"extract":"Constituent Assembly elections were held in newly independent Israel on 25 January 1949. Voter turnout was 86.9%. Two days after its first meeting on 14 February 1949, legislators voted to change the name of the body to the Knesset (Hebrew: כנסת, translated as Assembly). It is known today as the First Knesset.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1381080963,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T22:15:53Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Israeli_Constituent_Assembly_election","wikidata_qid":"Q1674684","wikidata_classes":["Israeli legislative election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"operation-horev","title":"Operation Horev","date_start":"1948-12-22"},{"id":"operation-uvda","title":"Operation Uvda","date_start":"1949-03-05"},{"id":"march-1949-syrian-coup-d-etat","title":"March 1949 Syrian coup d'état","date_start":"1949-03-29"},{"id":"hula-massacre","title":"Hula massacre","date_start":"1948-11-01"},{"id":"eilabun-massacre","title":"Eilabun massacre","date_start":"1948-10-30"}]}},"operation-opera":{"extract":"Operation Opera (Hebrew: מִבְצָע אוֹפֵּרָה), also known as Operation Babylon, was a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor located 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Baghdad, Iraq. The Israeli operation came a year after the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force had caused minor damage to the same nuclear facility in Operation Scorch Sword, with the damage having been subsequently repaired by French technicians. Operation Opera, and related Israeli government statements following it, established the Begin Doctrine, which explicitly stated the strike was not an anomaly, but instead \"a precedent for every future government in Israel\". Israel's counter-proliferation preventive strike added another dimension to its existing policy of deliberate ambiguity, as it related to the nuclear weapons capability of other states in the region.\n\nIn 1976, Iraq purchased an Osiris-class nuclear reactor from France. While Iraq and France maintained that the reactor, named Osirak by the French, was intended for peaceful scientific research, the Israelis viewed the reactor with suspicion, believing it was designed to produce nuclear weapons that could escalate the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict. On 7 June 1981, a flight of Israeli Air Force F-16A fighter aircraft, with an escort of F-15As, bombed the Osirak reactor deep inside Iraq. Israel called the operation an act of self-defense, saying that the reactor had \"less than a month to go\" before \"it might have become critical.\" The airstrike reportedly killed ten Iraqi soldiers and one French civilian. The attack took place about three weeks before the 1981 Israeli legislative elections for the Knesset.\n\nAt the time of its occurrence, the attack was met with sharp international criticism, including in the United States, and Israel was rebuked by the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly in two separate resolutions. Media reactions were also negative: \"Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression\", wrote The New York Times, while the Los Angeles Times called it \"state-sponsored terrorism\". The destruction of Iraq's Osirak reactor has been cited as an example of a preventive strike in contemporary scholarship on international law. The efficacy of the attack is debated by historians, who acknowledge that it brought Iraq back from the brink of nuclear capability but drove its weapons program underground and cemented Iraqi president Saddam Hussein's future ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1377706176,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-30T18:15:02Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera","wikidata_qid":"Q725043","wikidata_classes":["airstrike","armed conflict","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q8669","label":"Arab–Israeli conflict","id":"arab-israeli-conflict"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"1982-lebanon-war","title":"1982 Lebanon War","date_start":"1982-06-06"},{"id":"israeli-withdrawal-from-lebanon","title":"South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"},{"id":"lebanese-civil-war","title":"Lebanese Civil War","date_start":"1975-04-13"},{"id":"sabena-flight-571","title":"Sabena Flight 571","date_start":"1972-05-08"},{"id":"1991-iraqi-missile-attacks-against-israel","title":"1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel","date_start":"1991-01-17"}],"nearby":[{"id":"july-12-2007-baghdad-airstrike","title":"July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike","date_start":"2007-07-12","km":12.3,"bearing":357},{"id":"battle-of-ctesiphon-1915","title":"Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)","date_start":"1915-11-22","km":13,"bearing":160},{"id":"2016-karrada-bombing","title":"2016 Karrada bombing","date_start":"2016-07-03","km":13.8,"bearing":319},{"id":"2010-baghdad-church-siege","title":"2010 Baghdad church siege","date_start":"2010-10-31","km":14.4,"bearing":323},{"id":"canal-hotel-bombing","title":"Canal Hotel bombing","date_start":"2003-08-19","km":15.3,"bearing":342}],"same_time":[{"id":"haft-e-tir-bombing","title":"Haft-e Tir bombing","date_start":"1981-06-28"},{"id":"1981-israeli-legislative-election","title":"1981 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"1981-06-30"},{"id":"july-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"July 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-07-24"},{"id":"h-3-airstrike","title":"H-3 airstrike","date_start":"1981-04-04"},{"id":"october-1981-iranian-presidential-election","title":"October 1981 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"1981-10-02"}]}},"2018-turkish-presidential-election":{"extract":"Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of the 2018 general election, alongside parliamentary elections on the same day. They were the first presidential elections held after constitutional amendments were approved in a 2017 referendum.\n\nThe elections were originally scheduled for November 2019. President Erdoğan and MHP Chairman Bahçeli called for early elections, giving as reason to \"not wait any longer\" for the entry into force of the 2017 constitutional amendments. Following this, with the 2018 elections, the office of prime minister was abolished and the first government under the presidential system took office.\n\nIncumbent President Erdoğan declared his candidacy for the People's Alliance on 27 April 2018. The main opposition, the Republican People's Party, nominated Muharrem İnce, a member of parliament known for his combative opposition and spirited speeches against Erdoğan. The Peoples' Democratic Party nominated Selahattin Demirtaş, its imprisoned former chairman. Besides these candidates, Meral Akşener, the founder and leader of the İyi Party, Temel Karamollaoğlu, the leader of the Felicity Party, and Doğu Perinçek, the leader of the Patriotic Party, announced their candidacies and collected the 100,000 signatures required to stand.\n\nCampaigning centred mainly on the faltering economy and the currency and debt crisis, with both government and opposition commentators warning of a more serious economic crisis following the elections. The 2018 Gaza border protests, following the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel, along with the Turkish military operation in Afrin, also featured in the campaign.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1375631175,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-19T01:07:48Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q51955238","wikidata_classes":["presidential election in Turkey","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q30588330","label":"2018 Turkish general election","id":"2018-turkish-general-election"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2018-turkish-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Turkish parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-06-24"}],"same_time":[{"id":"2018-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2018 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2018-05-12"},{"id":"operation-house-of-cards","title":"Operation House of Cards","date_start":"2018-05-10"},{"id":"united-states-withdrawal-from-the-joint-comprehensive-plan-of-action","title":"United States withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal","date_start":"2018-05-08"},{"id":"2018-lebanese-general-election","title":"2018 Lebanese general election","date_start":"2018-05-06"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-occupation-of-socotra","title":"United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra","date_start":"2018-04-30"}]}},"2026-northeastern-syria-offensive":{"extract":"On 13 January 2026, the Syrian transitional government launched an offensive against the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in the territories of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES). Initially focused on eastern Aleppo, around the towns of Deir Hafer and Maskanah, the offensive expanded on 17 January to the governorates of Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor and Al-Hasakah.\n\nOn 18 January, the Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa unilaterally announced a 14-point ceasefire agreement with the SDF, negotiated through the US envoy Tom Barrack, under which the SDF is set to be integrated into the Syrian government, and the governorates of Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor immediately handed over to the government, together with the administration of prisoner-of-war camps for Islamic State members, all border crossings and oil fields. The SDF commander-in-chief Mazloum Abdi acknowledged the agreement later that day, saying that he would visit Damascus to discuss the deal. Clashes persisted the next day, with both sides accusing the other of violating the ceasefire. Media outlets reported that the meeting between Abdi and al-Sharaa had gone poorly, with no agreement being reached.\n\nOn 20 January, the Syrian government announced a ceasefire, starting at 20:00 local time. The Syrian army would not enter the city centres of al-Hasakah and Qamishli or Kurdish villages. Sharaa granted the SDF four days to work out an integration plan. On 24 January, after initial disclaimers, the Syrian government declared a 15-day extension of the ceasefire, effective from 23:00 local time, to support the US operation to transfer Islamic State detainees from SDF prisons to Iraq. On 30 January, the government announced that it had reached a comprehensive agreement with the SDF, which includes a ceasefire, gradual military and administrative integration, and the deployment of Interior Ministry forces in al-Hasakah and Qamishli.\n\nOn 20 August, during the centenary celebrations of the city of Qamishli, SDF Commander-in-Chief Mazloum Abdi declared that the integration of the military, security, and administrative institutions into the Syrian state had been completed and that non-Syrian fighters affiliated with the SDF had withdrawn. However, other media reported that Abdi stopped short of announcing the SDF's dissolution and that issues such as the integration of the Women's Protection Units remained unresolved. Alongside this, the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES) was fully integrated into the Syrian state following the January 2026 northeastern Syria offensive by government forces, which led to up to 80% of the DAANES's territory being captured and subsequently ceded to the Syrian government as part of an integration agreement; the integration agreement culminated in the assimilation of DAANES into the Syrian transitional government.\n\nOn 25 August, Abdi announced the complete dissolution of the SDF as part of the integration plan.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379496270,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T09:42:13Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive","wikidata_qid":"Q137802844","wikidata_classes":["offensive","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q136541125","label":"Syrian Democratic Forces–Syrian transitional government clashes"},{"qid":"Q134412766","label":"Arab tribal insurgency in Eastern Syria"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"prelude-to-the-2026-iran-war","title":"Prelude to the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"fall-of-aden-2026","title":"Fall of Aden (2026)","date_start":"2026-01-07"},{"id":"2025-2026-iran-massacres","title":"2025–2026 Iran massacres","date_start":"2025-12-30"},{"id":"2025-2026-southern-yemen-campaign","title":"2025–2026 southern Yemen campaign","date_start":"2025-12-02"},{"id":"2026-minab-school-attack","title":"2026 Minab school attack","date_start":"2026-02-28"}]}}}