{"1982-lebanon-war":{"extract":"The 1982 Lebanon War, also called the Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon, began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), which had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The Israeli military operation, codenamed Operation Peace for Galilee, was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin blamed the PLO, using the incident as a casus belli. It was the second invasion of Lebanon by Israel, following the 1978 South Lebanon conflict.\n\nThe Israelis sought to end Palestinian attacks from Lebanon, destroy the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the country, and install a pro-Israel Maronite Christian government. Israeli forces attacked and overran PLO positions in southern Lebanon and briefly clashed with the Syrian Army, who occupied most of the country's northeast. The Israeli military, together with the South Lebanon Army, seized control of the southern half of Lebanon and laid siege to the capital Beirut. The Lebanese Forces however, despite their clandestine alliance with Israel, refused to participate in the war against the PLO as their leader Bachir Gemayel viewed any direct involvement as assisting an invading army. Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO and their allies negotiated a ceasefire with the aid of United States special envoy Philip Habib. The PLO, led by Yasser Arafat, were evacuated from Lebanon, overseen by a multinational peacekeeping force. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel, the Israeli government hoped to sign a treaty that would give Israel \"forty years of peace\".\n\nFollowing the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. There was outrage at the IDF's role in the Israeli-backed, Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias. This stoked Israeli public disillusionment with the war. The IDF withdrew from Beirut and ended its operation on 29 September 1982. The May 17 Agreement of 1983 ended the state of war between Israel and Lebanon, and provided for an Israeli withdrawal from the country. Amid rising casualties from guerrilla attacks, the IDF retreated south of the Awali river on 3 September 1983.\n\nFrom February to April 1985, the Israeli military undertook a phased withdrawal to its \"South Lebanon security zone\" along the border. The Israeli occupation saw the emergence of Hezbollah, an Iranian-backed Shia Islamist group. It waged a guerrilla war against the Israeli occupation until the IDF's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. In Israel, the 1982 invasion is also known as the First Lebanon War.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381378524,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-22T01:20:39Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War","wikidata_qid":"Q49103","wikidata_classes":["war","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Lebanon","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q208484","label":"Lebanese Civil War","id":"lebanese-civil-war"},{"qid":"Q3241199","label":"Israeli–Lebanese conflict","id":"israeli-lebanese-conflict"},{"qid":"Q8669","label":"Arab–Israeli conflict","id":"arab-israeli-conflict"}],"includes":[{"id":"operation-mole-cricket-19","title":"Operation Mole Cricket 19","date_start":"1982-06-09"},{"id":"siege-of-beirut","title":"Siege of Beirut","date_start":"1982-06-14"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"sabra-and-shatila-massacre","title":"Sabra and Shatila massacre","date_start":"1982-09-16"},{"id":"1983-us-embassy-bombing-in-beirut","title":"1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut","date_start":"1983-04-18"},{"id":"operation-opera","title":"Operation Opera","date_start":"1981-06-07"},{"id":"1983-beirut-barracks-bombings","title":"1983 Beirut barracks bombings","date_start":"1983-10-23"},{"id":"israeli-occupation-of-southern-lebanon-1982-2000","title":"Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000)","date_start":"1985-02-16"}],"same_time":[{"id":"operation-beit-ol-moqaddas","title":"Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas","date_start":"1982-05-24"},{"id":"dujail-massacre","title":"Dujail massacre","date_start":"1982-07-08"},{"id":"battle-of-khorramshahr-1982","title":"Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)","date_start":"1982-04-24"},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07"},{"id":"operation-fath-ol-mobin","title":"Operation Fath ol-Mobin","date_start":"1982-03-22"}]}},"simele-massacre":{"extract":"The Simele massacre (Syriac: ܦܪܲܡܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܡܹܠܹܐ, romanized: Premta d'Simele, Arabic: مذبحة سميل, romanized: maḏbaḥat Simīl), also known as the Assyrian affair, was a massacre committed by the Kingdom of Iraq under the leadership of Kurdish army general Bakr Sidqi. The massacre was committed in August 1933 against the Assyrian population of Iraq in and around the village of Simele.\n\nAlthough primarily known for the attacks in the village of Simele, 54 villages in total are said to have been targeted during the four day period of the massacre, primarily in the Zakho and Simele Districts (now in the modern Duhok Governorate).\n\nThe massacre is known partly for having imprinted the memory of persecution on the modern Assyrian identity, while also being regarded as the turning point for the Assyrian naming dispute. Raphael Lemkin's coining of the term genocide was influenced by the events of the massacre.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1372452829,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-31T20:29:04Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q1481878","wikidata_classes":["massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q130459577","label":"persecution of Assyrians"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"battle-of-zumar","title":"Battle of Zumar","date_start":"2014-08-01","km":31.1,"bearing":224}]}},"first-battle-of-el-alamein":{"extract":"The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert campaign of World War II, fought in Egypt between Axis (German and Italian) forces of the Panzer Army Africa—which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel—and Allied (British Empire and Commonwealth) forces of the Eighth Army under General Claude Auchinleck.\n\nIn this battle the British halted a second advance by the Axis forces into Egypt. Axis positions near El Alamein, only 106 km (66 mi) from Alexandria, were dangerously close to the ports and cities of Egypt, the base facilities of the Commonwealth forces and the Suez Canal. However, the Axis forces were too far from their base at Tripoli in Libya to remain at El Alamein indefinitely, which led both sides to accumulate supplies for more offensives, against the constraints of time and distance.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378815069,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-06T07:32:55Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein","wikidata_qid":"Q162250","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q625798","label":"Western Desert campaign","id":"western-desert-campaign"},{"qid":"Q10564977","label":"Battles of El Alamein"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"battle-of-mersa-matruh","title":"Battle of Mersa Matruh","date_start":"1942-06-29"},{"id":"battle-of-alam-el-halfa","title":"Battle of Alam el Halfa","date_start":"1942-08-30"},{"id":"second-battle-of-el-alamein","title":"Second Battle of El Alamein","date_start":"1942-10-23"},{"id":"operation-skorpion","title":"Operation Skorpion","date_start":"1941-05-27"},{"id":"operation-brevity","title":"Operation Brevity","date_start":"1941-05-16"}]}},"halabja-massacre":{"extract":"The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: کیمیابارانی ھەڵەبجە, romanized: Kêmyabarana Helebce) took place in Iraqi Kurdistan on 16 March 1988, when thousands of Kurds were killed by a large-scale Iraqi chemical attack. A targeted attack in Halabja, it was carried out during the Anfal campaign, which was led by Iraqi military officer Ali Hassan al-Majid. Two days before the attack, the city had been captured by Iran as part of Operation Zafar 7 of the Iran–Iraq War. Following the incident, the United Nations launched an investigation and concluded that mustard gas as well as unidentified nerve agents had been used against Kurdish civilians. The BBC later reported that a mixture of mustard, tabun, sarin, and VX, was used. The United States Defense Intelligence Agency initially blamed Iran for the attack, though the majority of evidence later revealed that Iraq had used the chemical weapons to bolster an ongoing military offensive against Iran, pro-Iranian Kurdish fighters, and ordinary Halabja residents.\n\nTo date, the Halabja massacre remains the largest chemical weapons attack directed against a civilian-populated region in human history, killing between 3,200 and 5,000 people and injuring 7,000 to 10,000 more. Preliminary results from surveys of the affected areas showed increased rates of cancer and birth defects in the years since the attack took place.\n\nIn 2010, the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal officially defined the Halabja chemical attack as a genocidal massacre against the Kurdish people during the time of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. That same year, it was also formally condemned by the Parliament of Canada, which classified it as a crime against humanity. Al-Majid, who was captured during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, was put on trial and found guilty of ordering the attack; he was sentenced to death in June 2007 and executed by hanging in January 2010.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1374064511,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-09T16:21:10Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q579179","wikidata_classes":["mass murder","genocidal massacre","war crime","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikidata","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q529723","label":"Anfal campaign","id":"al-anfal-campaign"},{"qid":"Q6133239","label":"Operation Zafar 7"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"operation-viking-hammer","title":"Operation Viking Hammer","date_start":"2003-03-01","km":0,"bearing":219}],"same_time":[{"id":"second-battle-of-al-faw","title":"Second Battle of al-Faw","date_start":"1988-04-17"},{"id":"operation-praying-mantis","title":"Operation Praying Mantis","date_start":"1988-04-18"},{"id":"first-intifada","title":"First Intifada","date_start":"1987-12-08"},{"id":"iran-air-flight-655","title":"Iran Air Flight 655","date_start":"1988-07-03"},{"id":"operation-mersad","title":"Operation Mersad","date_start":"1988-07-26"}]}},"2013-reyhanl-car-bombings":{"extract":"On 11 May 2013, two car bombs exploded in the Turkish town of Reyhanlı, a town of 64,000 people, 5 km from the Syrian border and the busiest land border post with Syria, in Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 52 people were killed and 140 injured in the attack.\n\nTurkish authorities accused the government of Syria of being behind the bombings, and within two weeks had charged 12 Turkish nationals who it said were backed by the Syrian government. The state-run Anadolu news agency reported that in February 2018, a Turkish court sentenced nine suspects to life imprisonment and 13 other people to prison terms of 10 to 15 years for the bombings; and that in September 2018 another suspect was captured in Syria and brought to Turkey by Turkish intelligence.\n\nThe Syrian government denied responsibility for the attacks. Other groups proposed as culprits include al-Nusra Front, the Islamic State, and Syrian Resistance.\n\nFollowing the bombings, hundreds of Syrians fled Reyhanli, and some residents blamed the Turkish government for bringing the Syrian Civil War to the town.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380569687,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-16T15:14:08Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings","wikidata_qid":"Q13107359","wikidata_classes":["bomb attack","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"operation-olive-branch","title":"Operation Olive Branch","date_start":"2018-01-20","km":38.2,"bearing":45},{"id":"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing","title":"2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing","date_start":"2017-04-15","km":45.3,"bearing":104}],"same_time":[{"id":"gezi-park-protests","title":"Gezi Park protests","date_start":"2013-05-28"},{"id":"iranian-intervention-in-the-syrian-civil-war","title":"Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war","date_start":"2013-06-09"},{"id":"2013-iranian-presidential-election","title":"2013 Iranian presidential election","date_start":"2013-06-14"},{"id":"2013-egyptian-coup-d-etat","title":"2013 Egyptian coup d'état","date_start":"2013-07-03"},{"id":"battle-of-raqqa-2013","title":"Battle of Raqqa (2013)","date_start":"2013-03-02"}]}},"unilateral-declaration-of-egyptian-independence":{"extract":"The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922 was the formal legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egypt as an independent sovereign state.\n\nAccording to the official British archives, Egypt became an independent state after the issuance of the declaration of February 28, 1922, by which Egypt became an independent state, thus ending exactly 40 years of British occupation of Egypt.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1378273643,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-03T19:46:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence","wikidata_qid":"Q2583161","wikidata_classes":["unilateral declaration of independence","declaration of independence"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"treaty-of-ankara-1921","title":"Treaty of Ankara (1921)","date_start":"1921-10-20"},{"id":"battle-of-dumlup-nar","title":"Battle of Dumlupınar","date_start":"1922-08-26"}]}},"2023-homs-drone-strike":{"extract":"On 5 October 2023, a Syrian military graduation ceremony at the Homs Military Academy was targeted by a drone strike, killing at least 112+ people and injuring 277+ others. The attack followed increased clashes in the 'De-escalation Zone' located in northwestern Syria. The perpetrator of the attack is currently unknown.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1329426771,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2025-12-26T02:25:46Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike","wikidata_qid":"Q122948291","wikidata_classes":["drone warfare","armed conflict","airstrike","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q178810","label":"Syrian Civil War","id":"syrian-civil-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2024-syrian-opposition-offensives","title":"2024 Syrian opposition offensives","date_start":"2024-11-27"},{"id":"southern-syria-offensive-2024","title":"Southern Syria offensive (2024)","date_start":"2024-11-29"},{"id":"israeli-invasion-of-syria-2024-present","title":"Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)","date_start":"2024-12-08"},{"id":"operation-spring-shield","title":"Operation Spring Shield","date_start":"2020-02-27"},{"id":"northwestern-syria-offensive-2019-2020","title":"Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)","date_start":"2019-12-19"}],"nearby":[{"id":"siege-of-homs","title":"Siege of Homs","date_start":"2011-05-06","km":3.1,"bearing":140},{"id":"2012-homs-offensive","title":"2012 Homs offensive","date_start":"2012-04-14","km":3.1,"bearing":140},{"id":"2024-homs-offensive","title":"2024 Homs offensive","date_start":"2024-12-05","km":3.4,"bearing":129},{"id":"houla-massacre","title":"Houla massacre","date_start":"2012-05-25","km":21.8,"bearing":313},{"id":"2017-shayrat-missile-strike","title":"2017 Shayrat missile strike","date_start":"2017-04-07","km":35.3,"bearing":144}],"same_time":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"2026-iranian-supreme-leader-election":{"extract":"An election for the third supreme leader of Iran by the Assembly of Experts was held from 3 to 8 March 2026, following the assassination of Ali Khamenei on 28 February during the 2026 Iran war. Mojtaba Khamenei, son of Ali Khamenei, was announced as the new supreme leader on 9 March.\n\nConstitutionally, the Assembly of Experts is tasked to select the next leader following an absence in the position, via a council that examines possible candidates in secrecy while advising the current leader. Its sixth and current session began after it was elected in 2024 and is scheduled to sit until 2032.\n\nPrior to his death, Ali Khamenei had not publicly discussed his replacement, nor had anyone been officially designated to be successor or proposed as a potential nominee. However, since 2014, various news outlets reported on the potential candidates and that the succession of Khamenei is deemed to have been decided but not disclosed publicly. According to The New York Times, the potential and likely candidates to succeed Khamenei were former president Hassan Rouhani and Hassan Khomeini, the grandson of the Islamic Republic's founder, Ruhollah Khomeini. Other potential candidates to succeed Khamenei included his son (and eventual successor) Mojtaba, his aides Asghar Hijazi, Ali Larijani, Sadiq Larijani, Alireza Arafi, Mohammad-Mahdi Mirbagheri, and Mohsen Araki. Former president Ebrahim Raisi was often mentioned in the frontrunners for the position prior to his death in a helicopter crash in 2024.\n\nOn 3 March, Iranian media reported that the Assembly of Experts' office in Qom had been bombed, reportedly during a session convened for electoral purposes.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1380249155,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-14T17:37:55Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iranian_supreme_leader_election","wikidata_qid":"Q23043491","wikidata_classes":["public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"sinking-of-iris-dena","title":"Sinking of IRIS Dena","date_start":"2026-03-04"},{"id":"2026-lebanon-war","title":"2026 Lebanon war","date_start":"2026-03-02"},{"id":"2026-minab-school-attack","title":"2026 Minab school attack","date_start":"2026-02-28"},{"id":"assassination-of-ali-khamenei","title":"Assassination of Ali Khamenei","date_start":"2026-02-28"},{"id":"united-arab-emirates-in-the-2026-iran-war","title":"United Arab Emirates in the 2026 Iran war","date_start":"2026-02-28"}]}}}