{"abolition-of-the-ottoman-caliphate":{"extract":"The Ottoman Caliphate, the Muslim world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (R.C. 1340, A.H. 1342) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The process was one of Atatürk's reforms. Abdul Mejid II was deposed as the last Ottoman caliph.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380313801,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-15T00:51:15Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F14","anchor":"f14---eleven-seed-dates-the-article-states-to-the-day-day-precision-recorded-date-unchanged"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate","wikidata_qid":"Q2821698","wikidata_classes":["reform"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Turkey","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q780048","label":"Atatürk's reforms"}]},"israeli-disengagement-from-gaza":{"extract":"In 2005, following the Second Intifada (2000–05), Israel withdrew its forces from the Gaza Strip and dismantled and evacuated the 21 settlements it built there during its occupation of the territory (1967–2005). Israel maintained troops around the Gaza–Israel barrier and the surrounding area and took exclusive control of the airspace over Gaza and its territorial waters, blockading and actively controlling and restricting the movement of people and goods. Due to the Israeli blockade, the Gaza Strip has continued to be regarded by the United Nations, many other international humanitarian and legal organizations, and most academic commentators as being under Israeli occupation, as affirmed by the 2024 International Court of Justice advisory opinion. Historically, according to Article 42 of the Hague Regulations and precedent in international law, it has been generally understood that a territory remains effectively occupied so long as a belligerent's authority is established and exercised over it, even if said belligerent does not have ground forces deployed in the area.\n\nProposed by Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon in 2003 and adopted by the Cabinet in 2004, the strategy was officially approved by the Knesset as the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law in June 2004. A deadline was issued for August 15, 2005, after which the IDF began evicting all Israeli settlers who were refusing to accept government compensation packages in exchange for voluntarily vacating their homes in the Gaza Strip. By September 12, all Israeli residential buildings in the territory had been demolished and the 8,000+ Israeli settlers who inhabited them had been removed. The dismantlement of the four West Bank settlements was completed ten days later.\n\nThe disengagement was executed unilaterally by Israel and without coordination with the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).\n\nYet among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, the disengagement was met positively in light of earlier skepticism surrounding Israel's intention to withdraw from the territory. Among Israelis, polls showed support for the disengagement in the 50–60% range and opposition in the 30–40% range. The IDF met heavy resistance and riots while conducting evictions throughout the Gaza Strip settlements. Former and future Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu resigned from Sharon's government in protest.\n\nThe Gaza Strip disengagement occurred seven months after the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit, which ended the Second Intifada.\n\nAs part of this process, four Israeli settlements in the West Bank were dismantled as well.\n\nIsraeli officials, historians, and legal analysts cited several motives behind the country's decision to withdraw from the territory, with the two most significant factors being: the unsustainable cost of persistent and intensive fighting with Hamas and other Palestinian militant organizations; and demographic concerns rooted in the discrepancy between the Israeli birth rate and the Palestinian birth rate, as the latter greatly outpaced the former. According to Sharon, the disengagement plan was aimed at addressing Israel's long-term security challenges by shifting the country's resources to focus on strengthening the areas that \"will constitute an inseparable part of the State of Israel in any future agreement\" with the Palestinians.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-01","wikipedia_revid":1380235471,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-14T16:00:34Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip","wikidata_qid":"Q196122","wikidata_classes":["relocation","population transfer","withdrawal","military operation"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Israel/Palestine","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":null,"framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Gives the view that Gaza remained occupied after 2005, attributed to the UN, international organisations, most academic commentators and the 2024 ICJ advisory opinion, and backs it with a legal argument in its own voice (\"it has been generally understood ...\"), without mentioning that Israel and some legal scholars reject this. The same paragraph also dates the occupation \"(1967–2005)\".","highlights":["it has been generally understood that a territory remains effectively occupied"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"it has been generally understood that a territory remains effectively occupied","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"battle-of-mosul-2016-2017":{"extract":"The Battle of Mosul (Arabic: معركة الموصل, Ma'rakat al-Mawṣil) was a major battle initiated by Iraq and allied forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State (IS), which had seized the city years prior in June 2014. It was the largest conventional land battle in the world since the capture of Baghdad in 2003. It was also the world's single largest military operation overall since the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was considered the toughest urban battle since World War II.\n\nThe operation, which was called Operation \"We Are Coming, Nineveh\" (قادمون يا نينوى; Qadimun Ya Naynawa), began on 16 October 2016, with forces besieging ISIL-controlled areas in the Nineveh Governorate surrounding Mosul, and continued with Iraqi troops and Peshmerga fighters engaging ISIL on three fronts outside Mosul, going from village to village in the surrounding area in the largest deployment of Iraqi troops since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. At dawn on 1 November 2016, the liberation of Mosul city proper began. The first ones to engage ISIS within Mosul itself were the Iraqi Special Operations Forces who initiated their attack from the east of the city. Met with fierce fighting, the government advance into the city was slowed by elaborate defenses and by the presence of civilians, but the Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared \"full liberation of eastern side of Mosul\" on 24 January 2017. Iraqi troops began their offensive to recapture western Mosul on 19 February 2017.\n\nOn 9 July 2017, the Iraqi Prime Minister arrived in Mosul to announce the victory over ISIL, and an official declaration of victory was proclaimed on 10 July. However, heavy clashes continued in a final pocket of ISIL resistance in the Old City, for almost another two weeks. It was estimated that removing the explosives from Mosul and repairing the city over the next five years would require $50 billion (2017 USD), while Mosul's Old City alone would cost about US$1 billion to repair.\n\nThe Battle of Mosul was concurrent with the Battle of Sirte (2016) in Libya and the Raqqa campaign (2016–17) conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against ISIL's capital city and stronghold in Syria.\n\nIn 2017, John Spencer listed Mosul as one of the cities destroyed by violent combat, joining battles such as Stalingrad, Huế, Grozny, Aleppo and Raqqa. It has been referred to as a \"modern day Verdun\". During the battle, top coalition commander, Stephen J. Townsend, stated that it was \"the most significant urban combat to take place since World War II\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381695712,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-24T05:19:21Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)","wikidata_qid":"Q27429856","wikidata_classes":["battle","military operation","armed conflict"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q17984356","label":"Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017","id":"war-in-iraq-2013-2017"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2016-karrada-bombing","title":"2016 Karrada bombing","date_start":"2016-07-03"},{"id":"iskandariya-suicide-bombing","title":"Iskandariya suicide bombing","date_start":"2016-03-25"},{"id":"battle-of-tal-afar-2017","title":"Battle of Tal Afar (2017)","date_start":"2017-09-02"},{"id":"second-battle-of-tikrit","title":"Second Battle of Tikrit","date_start":"2015-03-02"},{"id":"battle-of-zumar","title":"Battle of Zumar","date_start":"2014-08-01"}],"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-al-bab","title":"Battle of al-Bab","date_start":"2016-11-06"},{"id":"raqqa-campaign-2016-2017","title":"Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)","date_start":"2016-11-06"},{"id":"2016-jordanian-general-election","title":"2016 Jordanian general election","date_start":"2016-09-20"},{"id":"aleppo-offensive-november-december-2016","title":"Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)","date_start":"2016-11-15"},{"id":"manbij-offensive-2016","title":"Manbij offensive (2016)","date_start":"2016-08-27"}]}},"2024-israel-hezbollah-conflict":{"extract":"An ongoing conflict between the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah and Israel began on 8 October 2023, when Hezbollah launched rockets and artillery at Israeli positions following Hamas's October 7 attacks on Israel. The conflict escalated into a prolonged exchange of bombardments, leading to extensive displacement in Israel and Lebanon. The conflict is part of the broader Middle Eastern crisis that began with Hamas's attack, with the short Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 2024 marking the largest escalation of the Hezbollah–Israel conflict since the 2006 Lebanon War. In Arabic, the conflict (2023–2024) is referred to as the \"Support War\" or the \"Gaza Support War.\"\n\nOn 8 October 2023, Hezbollah started firing guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions in the Shebaa Farms, which it said was in solidarity with Palestinians following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel and beginning of Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip. Israel retaliated by launching drone strikes and artillery shells at Hezbollah positions. Israel also carried out airstrikes throughout Lebanon and in Syria. In northern Israel, the ongoing conflict has forced approximately 96,000 individuals to leave their homes, while in Lebanon, over 1.4 million individuals had been displaced by late October. Hezbollah stated it would not stop attacks against Israel until it stops its military operations in Gaza; Israel said its attacks would continue until its citizens could return safely to the north.\n\nIn September 2024, Israel intensified its operations with two waves of electronic device attacks targeting Hezbollah's communication systems, and later assassinated the group's leading figures, including Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, and his successor, Hashem Safieddine. On 1 October, the Israeli military began an invasion of southern Lebanon, although it had been conducting limited ground operations for some time. Israeli operations led to the significant dismantling of Hezbollah's military infrastructure in southern Lebanon and the destruction of a large portion of its missile stockpile.\n\nA 60-day ceasefire agreement was brokered and took effect on 27 November 2024. The ceasefire required Hezbollah to move its fighters north of the Litani River, approximately 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the Israeli border, while Israel began withdrawing its forces from southern Lebanon. The Lebanese Army was tasked with deploying around 5,000 soldiers to monitor the situation and maintain peace in the region. The ceasefire is being monitored by a panel of five countries, led by the United States, though Israel retains the right to strike at immediate threats in Lebanon during this period. The ceasefire was extended to 18 February 2025, at which time the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) withdrew from most of southern Lebanon. Airstrikes resumed on 2 March 2026 between Hezbollah and Israel following the 2026 Iran war and the killing of Ali Khamenei. On 16 April, President Trump announced that Israel and Lebanon agreed to a 10-day truce. On 23 April, Trump announced that Israel and Lebanon agreed to a three-week extension of the ceasefire. On 15 May, the truce was extended by Israel and Lebanon for another 45 days. On 1 June, Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a ceasefire, with Israel committing not to target Beirut's southern suburbs and Hezbollah vowing not to attack Israel, under a US proposal aiming to extend the ceasefire to all of Lebanon. On 3 June, Israel and Lebanon reached an agreement to renew the ceasefire, facilitated by the US, and to create \"pilot zones\". On 4 June, Hezbollah rejected the previously announced truce deal, demanding instead a comprehensive truce and a full withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon. On 19 June, President Trump announced that Israel and Hezbollah have reached a truce, facilitated by the US, Qatar, and Iran. On 26 June, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced a framework deal between Israel and Lebanon for \"lasting peace and security\" via US mediation. The agreement includes a cease-fire, requiring Hezbollah to end hostilities and withdraw from southern Lebanon, but it was subsequently rejected by Hezbollah.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368616555,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-10T02:57:05Z","data_fixes":[{"ref":"F13","anchor":"f13---five-seed-start-dates-replaced-by-the-wikidata-value-the-article-confirms"}],"wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)","wikidata_qid":"Q122974556","wikidata_classes":["armed conflict","border conflict","political crisis","international crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"country-fallback:Lebanon","text_from_article":null,"hand_picked":true,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q124373310","label":"Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","id":"middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present"},{"qid":"Q86009289","label":"Hezbollah–Israel conflict"},{"qid":"Q3241199","label":"Israeli–Lebanese conflict","id":"israeli-lebanese-conflict"}],"includes":[{"id":"israeli-airstrike-on-the-iranian-consulate-in-damascus","title":"Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus","date_start":"2024-04-01"},{"id":"april-2024-iranian-strikes-on-israel","title":"April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel","date_start":"2024-04-13"},{"id":"majdal-shams-attack","title":"Majdal Shams attack","date_start":"2024-07-27"},{"id":"2024-lebanon-electronic-device-attacks","title":"2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks","date_start":"2024-09-18"},{"id":"20-september-2024-beirut-attack","title":"20 September 2024 Beirut attack","date_start":"2024-09-20"},{"id":"september-2024-israeli-attacks-against-lebanon","title":"September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon","date_start":"2024-09-23"},{"id":"2024-hezbollah-headquarters-strike","title":"2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike","date_start":"2024-09-27"},{"id":"2024-lebanon-war","title":"2024 Lebanon war","date_start":"2024-10-01"},{"id":"2024-israel-lebanon-ceasefire-agreement","title":"2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement","date_start":"2024-11-27"},{"id":"2026-lebanon-war","title":"2026 Lebanon war","date_start":"2026-03-02"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"2023-israel-hamas-war","title":"Gaza war","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"attacks-on-us-bases-during-the-middle-eastern-crisis-2023-present","title":"Attacks on US bases during the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)","date_start":"2023-10-18"},{"id":"red-sea-crisis","title":"Red Sea crisis","date_start":"2023-10-19"},{"id":"july-2024-houthi-israel-attacks","title":"July 2024 Houthi–Israel attacks","date_start":"2024-07-20"},{"id":"assassination-of-ismail-haniyeh","title":"Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh","date_start":"2024-07-31"}],"same_time":[{"id":"alumim-massacre","title":"Alumim massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-re-im","title":"Battle of Re'im","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"battle-of-sderot","title":"Battle of Sderot","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"be-eri-massacre","title":"Be'eri massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"},{"id":"ein-hashlosha-massacre","title":"Ein HaShlosha massacre","date_start":"2023-10-07"}]}},"1982-hama-massacre":{"extract":"The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982 when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies paramilitary force, under the orders of President Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Fighting Vanguard of the Muslim Brotherhood against the Ba'athist government. The campaign that had begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamist groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, was brutally crushed in an anti-Sunni massacre at Hama, carried out by the Syrian Arab Army and Alawite militias under the command of Major General Rifaat al-Assad.\n\nPrior to the start of operations, Hafez al-Assad issued orders to seal off Hama from the outside world; effectively imposing a media blackout, total shut down of communications, electricity and food supplies to the city for months. Initial diplomatic dispatches released in Western media outlets assessed that 1,000 people were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower ones reporting that at least 10,000 people were killed and more than 20,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, while other estimates put the number of deaths at 40,000. The massacre remains the \"single deadliest act\" of violence perpetrated by an Arab state upon its own population in the modern history of the Middle East. Some suspect the Hafez al-Assad regime of using chemical weapons in the city.\n\nNearly two-thirds of the city was destroyed in the Ba'athist military operation. Robert Fisk, who was present at Hama during the events of the massacre, reported that indiscriminate bombing had razed much of the city to the ground and that the vast majority of the victims were civilians. Fisk later wrote in 2010 that at least 20,000 civilians were killed by Rifaat al-Assad's paramilitary companies in the \"streets and underground tunnels of Hama\". Patrick Seale, reporting in The Globe and Mail, described the operation as a \"two-week orgy of killing, destruction and looting\" which destroyed the city and killed a minimum of 25,000 inhabitants.\n\nThe attack has been described as being motivated by sectarian animosities against the Sunni community of Hama. Memory of the massacre remains an important aspect of Syrian culture and as a result, it evokes strong emotions amongst Syrians to the present day. The Hama massacre was invoked by Syrian opposition leaders when Ba'athist government forces were driven out of the city following successful rebel offensives in December 2024 that ultimately ended the rule of the Assad family in Syria, with rebel leaders saying they have \"come to cleanse the wound that has persisted in Syria for 40 years\".","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1381084739,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-19T22:53:17Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre","wikidata_qid":"Q730878","wikidata_classes":["mass murder","massacre"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"year","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Well sourced, but describes it as an \"anti-Sunni massacre\" motivated by \"sectarian animosities\" as fact.","highlights":["anti-Sunni massacre","sectarian animosities"]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"NPOV","guideline_name":"Avoid stating opinions as facts","shortcut":"WP:YESPOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ANeutral_point_of_view&oldid=1370393267#Explanation","phrase":"an anti-Sunni massacre","note":"States the sectarian motive as fact (\"an anti-Sunni massacre\"), although the summary itself later presents it as a description (\"has been described as being motivated by sectarian animosities\")."}],"highlights":["an anti-Sunni massacre"]},"highlights":[{"text":"anti-Sunni massacre","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"sectarian animosities","kind":"fairness"},{"text":"an anti-Sunni massacre","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q2592077","label":"Islamist revolution in Syria"}],"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"siege-of-hama-2011","title":"Siege of Hama (2011)","date_start":"2011-07-01","km":0.4,"bearing":0},{"id":"houla-massacre","title":"Houla massacre","date_start":"2012-05-25","km":34.8,"bearing":219},{"id":"khan-shaykhun-chemical-attack","title":"Khan Shaykhun chemical attack","date_start":"2017-04-04","km":36.2,"bearing":346},{"id":"2023-homs-drone-strike","title":"2023 Homs drone strike","date_start":"2023-10-05","km":42.4,"bearing":188},{"id":"2024-homs-offensive","title":"2024 Homs offensive","date_start":"2024-12-05","km":44.2,"bearing":184}]}},"assassination-of-andrei-karlov":{"extract":"Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, was assassinated by Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, an off-duty Turkish police officer, at an art exhibition in Ankara, Turkey, on the evening of 19 December 2016. The assassination took place after several days of protests in Turkey over Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War and the battle over Aleppo.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1379743641,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-11T18:12:12Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov","wikidata_qid":"Q28036166","wikidata_classes":["assassination"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"nearby":[{"id":"march-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"March 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-03-13","km":1.3,"bearing":345},{"id":"february-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"February 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-02-17","km":1.6,"bearing":298},{"id":"2015-ankara-bombings","title":"2015 Ankara bombings","date_start":"2015-10-10","km":3.3,"bearing":339},{"id":"ankara-esenboga-airport-attack","title":"Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack","date_start":"1982-08-07","km":27.1,"bearing":26},{"id":"turkish-aerospace-industries-headquarters-attack","title":"Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack","date_start":"2024-10-23","km":30.3,"bearing":310}],"same_time":[{"id":"botroseya-church-bombing","title":"Botroseya Church bombing","date_start":"2016-12-11"},{"id":"2016-besiktas-bombings","title":"2016 Beşiktaş bombings","date_start":"2016-12-10"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-december-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (December 2016)","date_start":"2016-12-08"},{"id":"istanbul-nightclub-shooting","title":"Istanbul nightclub shooting","date_start":"2017-01-01"},{"id":"2017-jerusalem-truck-attack","title":"2017 Jerusalem truck attack","date_start":"2017-01-08"}]}},"2022-istanbul-bombing":{"extract":"A terrorist attack occurred on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, on 13 November 2022 (2022-11-13), killing 6 people and injuring 81 others.\n\nNo group has claimed responsibility, but Turkish authorities announced that Kurdish separatists were behind the attack, implicating the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Syrian Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Turkey's interior minister, Süleyman Soylu, announced the arrest of the bomber and forty-six others.\n\nThe city experienced previous terrorist attacks during the late 20th and early 21st century by Kurdish separatists and Islamist insurgents. An Islamic State suicide bombing in the same district killed four people in 2016.\n\nPKK, and SDF denied involvements in the bombing. On 20 November, Turkey launched Operation Claw-Sword, bombing nearly 500 targets in Syria and Iraq.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1376497967,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-24T14:22:10Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing","wikidata_qid":"Q115193912","wikidata_classes":["bomb attack","terrorist attack"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":"wikipedia","text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":true,"findings":[{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"A terrorist attack occurred","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for the bombing, in the defining sentence, in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."},{"guideline":"LABEL","guideline_name":"Contentious labels","shortcut":"MOS:LABEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FWords_to_watch&oldid=1376702503#Contentious_labels","phrase":"previous terrorist attacks","note":"Uses \"terrorist\" for earlier attacks by Kurdish separatists and Islamist insurgents in Wikipedia's own voice, without saying who uses the label."}],"highlights":["A terrorist attack occurred","previous terrorist attacks"]},"highlights":[{"text":"A terrorist attack occurred","kind":"wording"},{"text":"previous terrorist attacks","kind":"wording"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q39086957","label":"terrorism in Turkey"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"turkish-aerospace-industries-headquarters-attack","title":"Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack","date_start":"2024-10-23"}],"nearby":[{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19","km":0,"bearing":270},{"id":"istanbul-pogrom","title":"Istanbul pogrom","date_start":"1955-09-06","km":0.4,"bearing":54},{"id":"bloody-sunday-1969","title":"Bloody Sunday (1969)","date_start":"1969-02-16","km":0.4,"bearing":60},{"id":"2016-besiktas-bombings","title":"2016 Beşiktaş bombings","date_start":"2016-12-10","km":1.1,"bearing":59},{"id":"2003-istanbul-bombings","title":"2003 Istanbul bombings","date_start":"2003-11-01","km":1.2,"bearing":219}],"same_time":[{"id":"2022-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2022 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2022-11-01"},{"id":"2022-shah-cheragh-attack","title":"2022 Shah Cheragh attack","date_start":"2022-10-26"},{"id":"mahsa-amini-protests","title":"Mahsa Amini protests","date_start":"2022-09-16"},{"id":"2023-neve-yaakov-shooting","title":"2023 Neve Yaakov shooting","date_start":"2023-01-27"},{"id":"2023-iran-drone-attacks","title":"2023 Iran drone attacks","date_start":"2023-01-28"}]}},"battle-of-riyadh":{"extract":"The Battle of Riyadh or the Reconquest of Riyadh, was fought on 13 January 1902 in Riyadh, then part of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. It was a conflict between the Rashidi dynasty and the House of Saud, and ended with Ibn Saud successfully capturing the walled city.\n\nThe battle is widely regarded as the starting point of the Saudi unification campaigns, a series of military and political efforts that ultimately led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1380924287,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-18T20:28:34Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Riyadh","wikidata_qid":"Q2943187","wikidata_classes":["battle"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"battle-of-holy-apostles-monastery","title":"Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery","date_start":"1901-11-03"}]}},"2014-egyptian-constitutional-referendum":{"extract":"A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 14 and 15 January 2014, with Egyptians abroad voting between 8 and 12 January. The new constitution was approved by 98.1% of voters. Turnout was 38.6%.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1371876241,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-29T01:40:44Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum","wikidata_qid":"Q15304061","wikidata_classes":["constitutional referendum","referendum"],"date_flags":["date_source_adjusted: Wikidata P585 2014-01-15 equals the item's end time (P582); used P580 start time 2014-01-14"],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false}},"2025-gaza-strip-aid-distribution-killings":{"extract":"From 27 May to 9 October 2025, amid a famine in the Gaza Strip, more than 2,600 Palestinian civilians seeking aid were killed and thousands more were wounded when being fired upon by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), armed gangs, and contractors hired by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF). Most of the deadly incidents occurred in the vicinity of short-lived aid distribution sites operated by the US- and Israeli-backed GHF.\n\nThe killings began taking place on the first day of the GHF's operations, following an 11-week Israeli blockade since early March 2025 that had severely restricted humanitarian aid to Gaza, exacerbating the Gaza humanitarian crisis. On 31 July 2025, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported that, as of 31 July, at least 1,373 Palestinian aid seekers were killed: 859 near GHF's sites and 514 near UN and other organizations' aid convoys. On 5 July, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that at least 743 Palestinians were killed and over 4,891 injured; and earlier, on 1 July, the Ministry noted that around 70% of dead victims were killed at GHF sites. Critics have referred to the regular mass killings at GHF distribution sites as the \"hunger games\" in reference to the American media franchise.\n\nThe American non-profit the Center for Constitutional Rights believes the GHF could potentially be legally liable for complicity in war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide against Palestinians. Amnesty International says that evidence it has gathered suggests that the GHF's purpose is \"to placate international concerns while constituting another tool of Israel’s genocide\". The United Nations and over 170 charities and NGOs, including Save the Children and Oxfam, accuse the GHF of failure to uphold and even violating humanitarian norms by forcing two million Palestinians into overcrowded and militarised zones and subjecting aid-seekers to almost daily attacks. Additionally, those organisations, later joined by Human Rights Watch, demanded that the GHF and its aid distribution system be closed immediately.\n\nIn late June 2025, Haaretz reported that IDF troops had received orders to fire on the unarmed crowds to \"keep them away from food distribution centers\". Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Israel Katz denied these claims, calling the Haaretz report a \"blood libel.\" American security contractors such as Safe Reach Solutions (SRS) had reportedly also been firing live ammunition and lobbing stun grenades at Palestinians seeking aid. A former GHF worker said that he witnessed the IDF shooting indiscriminately at Palestinian civilians. Amidst a ceasefire implemented on 10 October, officials announced that GHF sites in the Strip would be temporarily shut down.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1368440548,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-08-09T01:46:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Gaza_Strip_aid_distribution_killings","wikidata_qid":"Q134642893","wikidata_classes":["mass shooting","war crime"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":true,"note":"Mostly attributed, with the Israeli denial included; says \"amid a famine\" before the famine was formally declared in August 2025.","highlights":["amid a famine"]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[{"text":"amid a famine","kind":"fairness"}],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"may-2025-gaza-offensive","title":"May 2025 Gaza offensive","date_start":"2025-05-17"},{"id":"twelve-day-war","title":"Twelve-Day War","date_start":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"2025-united-states-strikes-on-iranian-nuclear-sites","title":"2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites","date_start":"2025-06-22"},{"id":"mar-elias-church-attack","title":"Mar Elias Church attack","date_start":"2025-06-22"},{"id":"2025-iranian-strikes-on-al-udeid-air-base","title":"2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base","date_start":"2025-06-23"}]}},"gaza-peace-summit":{"extract":"The Gaza peace summit, also known as the Sharm El-Sheikh Peace Summit, was a diplomatic meeting held on 13 October 2025 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, following an agreement to implement the first phase of the Gaza peace plan to end the Gaza war which began in 2023. Representatives from around 30 countries attended the summit, which was co-chaired by presidents Donald Trump of the United States and Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt, although representatives for Israel and Hamas were absent.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1364260943,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-15T14:22:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_peace_summit","wikidata_qid":"Q136486580","wikidata_classes":["summit","peace conference"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q136402196","label":"Gaza peace plan"}],"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2025-syrian-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Syrian parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-10-05"},{"id":"2025-iraqi-parliamentary-election","title":"2025 Iraqi parliamentary election","date_start":"2025-11-11"},{"id":"israeli-attack-on-doha","title":"Israeli attack on Doha","date_start":"2025-09-09"},{"id":"august-2025-israeli-attack-on-sanaa","title":"August 2025 Israeli attack on Sanaa","date_start":"2025-08-28"},{"id":"2025-nasser-hospital-strikes","title":"2025 Nasser Hospital strikes","date_start":"2025-08-25"}]}},"mecca-joint-defence-agreement":{"extract":"The Mecca Defence Alliance, formerly known as the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, is a defence pact between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey signed into force on 7 August 2026. It builds upon the earlier Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 17 September 2025 to include Turkey. The pact's ratification was officially announced amidst the 2026 Iran war. The text has not been released.\n\nThe Mecca Defence Alliance enshrines a collective security arrangement modelled on Article 5 of NATO, with its official announcement stating that \"any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be regarded as an attack against them all.\" The trilateral pact has been described by Steven A. Cook as a \"major change\" in Middle East geopolitics, and the first institutional arrangement of its kind in the region.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-10","wikipedia_revid":1379472083,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-10T05:05:28Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Joint_Defence_Agreement","wikidata_qid":"Q140932341","wikidata_classes":["defense pact","military alliance","multinational military coalition","treaty"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2026-yemen-offensives","title":"2026 Yemen offensives","date_start":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"2026-ankara-nato-summit","title":"2026 Ankara NATO summit","date_start":"2026-07-07"},{"id":"2026-israeli-legislative-election","title":"2026 Israeli legislative election","date_start":"2026-10-27"},{"id":"2026-onikisubat-school-shooting","title":"2026 Onikişubat school shooting","date_start":"2026-04-15"},{"id":"assassination-of-ali-larijani","title":"Assassination of Ali Larijani","date_start":"2026-03-17"}]}},"chanak-crisis":{"extract":"The Chanak crisis (Turkish: Çanakkale Krizi), also called the Chanak affair and the Chanak incident, was a war scare in September 1922 between the United Kingdom and the Government of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey. Chanak refers to Çanakkale, a city on the Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Strait. The crisis was caused by Turkish efforts to push the Greek armies out of Turkey and restore Turkish rule in the Allied-occupied territories, primarily in Constantinople (now Istanbul) and Eastern Thrace. Turkish troops marched against British and French positions in the Dardanelles neutral zone. For a time, war between Britain and Turkey seemed possible, but Canada refused to agree as did France and Italy. British public opinion did not want a war. The British military did not either, and the top general on the scene, Sir Charles Harington, refused to relay an ultimatum to the Turks because he counted on a negotiated settlement. The Conservatives in Britain's coalition government refused to follow Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who with Winston Churchill was calling for war.\n\nThe crisis quickly ended when Turkey, having overwhelmed the Greeks, agreed to a negotiated settlement that gave it the territory it wanted. Lloyd George's mishandling of the crisis contributed to his downfall via the Carlton Club meeting. The crisis raised the issue of who decided on war for the British Empire, and was Canada's first assertion of diplomatic independence from London. Historian Robert Blake says the Chanak crisis led to Arthur Balfour's definition of Britain and the dominions as \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of the domestic or internal affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations\". In 1931 the UK Parliament enacted Balfour's formula into law through the Statute of Westminster 1931.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1379060385,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-10-07T18:06:37Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanak_crisis","wikidata_qid":"Q198658","wikidata_classes":["political crisis"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q234738","label":"Turkish War of Independence","id":"turkish-war-of-independence"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"greco-turkish-war-1919-1922","title":"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","date_start":"1919-05-15"},{"id":"franco-turkish-war","title":"Franco-Turkish War","date_start":"1918-12-01"}]}},"2016-syrian-parliamentary-election":{"extract":"Parliamentary elections were held in Syria to elect the People's Assembly on 13 April 2016, electing members for the 2016–2020 parliamentary term.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1374176374,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-10T08:19:54Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election","wikidata_qid":"Q22918891","wikidata_classes":["Syrian parliamentary election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"iskandariya-suicide-bombing","title":"Iskandariya suicide bombing","date_start":"2016-03-25"},{"id":"march-2016-istanbul-bombing","title":"March 2016 Istanbul bombing","date_start":"2016-03-19"},{"id":"march-2016-ankara-bombing","title":"March 2016 Ankara bombing","date_start":"2016-03-13"},{"id":"palmyra-offensive-march-2016","title":"Palmyra offensive (March 2016)","date_start":"2016-03-09"},{"id":"third-battle-of-fallujah","title":"Third Battle of Fallujah","date_start":"2016-05-22"}]}},"2017-iranian-presidential-election":{"extract":"Presidential elections were held in Iran on 19 May 2017 alongside local elections. Candidate registration took place from 11 to 15 April 2017. Incumbent president Hassan Rouhani was eligible to run for re-election. His main rivals were the conservatives' top candidate Ebrahim Raisi, the Islamic Coalition Party's Mostafa Mir-Salim and Mostafa Hashemitaba who was an independent.\n\nRouhani was re-elected for a second term. According to results announced by the Interior Ministry, Rouhani received 59% of the vote, while his closest rival Ebrahim Raisi received 39%. Rouhani was re-inaugurated on 5 August 2017 taking the oath of office for the second time at the Parliament of Iran.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-10-06","wikipedia_revid":1373749546,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-09-07T18:45:18Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Iranian_presidential_election","wikidata_qid":"Q16052966","wikidata_classes":["Iranian presidential election","public election"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":null,"date_precision":"day","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"related":{"same_time":[{"id":"2017-minya-bus-attack","title":"2017 Minya bus attack","date_start":"2017-05-26"},{"id":"qatar-diplomatic-crisis","title":"Qatar diplomatic crisis","date_start":"2017-06-05"},{"id":"2017-tehran-attacks","title":"2017 Tehran attacks","date_start":"2017-06-07"},{"id":"2017-turkish-constitutional-referendum","title":"2017 Turkish constitutional referendum","date_start":"2017-04-16"},{"id":"2017-aleppo-suicide-car-bombing","title":"2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing","date_start":"2017-04-15"}]}},"june-2025-iranian-strikes-on-israel":{"extract":"This is a list of airstrikes and bombardments during the Twelve-Day War. The war began on 13 June 2025, when Israel attacked targets at more than a dozen locations across Iran. Under the codename Operation Rising Lion, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Mossad attacked key nuclear sites, military installations, and residential areas, including targeted assassinations of military and civilian personnel, many of whom were killed in their homes or in meetings. Beginning on the evening of 13 June, Iran initiated retaliatory strikes against Israel, under the codename Operation True Promise III. The operation consisted of ballistic missiles and drones targeting military sites, intelligence sites, and residential areas. Iran also threatened to target American, British, and French military bases if they provided assistance to Israel. On 22 June, the United States conducted Operation Midnight Hammer, which involved airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities. Iran responded by attacking U.S. bases in Iraq and Qatar as part of Operation Glad Tidings of Victory.","extract_retrieved_at":"2026-09-26","wikipedia_revid":1365905805,"wikipedia_revid_timestamp":"2026-07-25T03:01:16Z","wikipedia_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attacks_during_the_Twelve-Day_War","wikidata_qid":"Q134890505","wikidata_classes":["missile strike","drone warfare","armed conflict","airstrike","bombardment"],"date_flags":[],"wikipedia_lead_dates":[],"coordinate_source":null,"text_from_article":"List of attacks during the Twelve-Day War","date_precision":"month","framing_review":{"fairness":{"found":false,"note":null,"highlights":[]},"wording":{"found":false,"findings":[],"highlights":[]},"highlights":[],"category_note":null,"data_note":null,"disclosure":null,"reviewed_on":"2026-09-30","stale":false},"part_of":[{"qid":"Q134900605","label":"Twelve-Day War","id":"twelve-day-war"}],"related":{"shared_parent":[{"id":"june-2025-israeli-strikes-on-iran","title":"June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran","date_start":"2025-06-01"},{"id":"2025-united-states-strikes-on-iranian-nuclear-sites","title":"2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites","date_start":"2025-06-22"},{"id":"2025-iranian-strikes-on-al-udeid-air-base","title":"2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base","date_start":"2025-06-23"}]}}}