Middle East, 1900–present All events

Category: Political, from Wikidata’s class “coup d'état”

1971 Turkish military memorandum

12 March 1971 · Turkey

Part of: Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)

Wikidata classes on our event-class list: coup d'état (all its classes: Wikidata item)

Read on Wikipedia

The 1971 Turkish military memorandum (Turkish: 12 Mart Muhtırası), issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously. The event came amid worsening domestic strife, but ultimately did little to halt this phenomenon.

Text retrieved 2026-09-26 from Wikipedia.

Cite this

The link is the Wikipedia revision of August 20, 2026 (revision 1370279638), whose lead is exactly the text shown here.

APA 7

1971 Turkish military memorandum. (2026, August 20). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_Turkish_military_memorandum&oldid=1370279638

MLA 9

“1971 Turkish military memorandum.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Aug. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_Turkish_military_memorandum&oldid=1370279638.

Chicago (note)

Wikipedia, “1971 Turkish military memorandum,” last modified August 20, 2026, 04:58 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_Turkish_military_memorandum&oldid=1370279638.

Chicago (shortened note)

Wikipedia, “1971 Turkish military memorandum.”

Chicago cites well-known reference works such as Wikipedia in notes only, not in the bibliography.

This event on Middle East, 1900–present: https://middleeast.events/event/1971-turkish-military-memorandum

If you use the map’s borders: CShapes 2.0 - historical country borders. Schvitz, G., et al. (2022). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. https://icr.ethz.ch/data/cshapes/ (modified by middleeast.events); West Bank Areas A/B/C: UN OCHA / HDX "Oslo Agreement" Areas A/B/C (West Bank). Distributed under the legacy HumanitarianResponse.info terms: non-commercial use with credit to UN OCHA. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/state-of-palestine-other-0-0-0-0-0; some corrected border points: GeoNames - CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://www.geonames.org/

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Text from Wikipedia, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 by Wikipedia contributors, from the article 1971 Turkish military memorandum. Classes are Wikidata’s labels (CC0). “Part of” is Wikidata’s statement, in its labels (CC0).