Category: War, from Wikidata’s classes “military occupation”, “armed conflict”
Occupation of Constantinople
Part of: World War I
Wikidata classes on our event-class list: military occupation, armed conflict (all its classes: Wikidata item)
The occupation of Constantinople (now Istanbul, 12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in Galata on 7 February 1919.
Allied troops occupied zones based on the existing divisions of Constantinople (Istanbul) and set up an Allied military administration early in December 1918. The occupation had two stages: the initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement on the eve of the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary.
1918 was the first time the city had changed hands since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Along with the occupation of Smyrna, it spurred the establishment of the Turkish National Movement, leading to the Turkish War of Independence.
Text retrieved 2026-10-06 from Wikipedia.
Cite this
The link is the Wikipedia revision of September 28, 2026 (revision 1377250656), whose lead is exactly the text shown here.
APA 7
Occupation of Constantinople. (2026, September 28). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Constantinople&oldid=1377250656
MLA 9
“Occupation of Constantinople.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Sept. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Constantinople&oldid=1377250656.
Chicago (note)
Wikipedia, “Occupation of Constantinople,” last modified September 28, 2026, 14:31 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Constantinople&oldid=1377250656.
Chicago (shortened note)
Wikipedia, “Occupation of Constantinople.”
Chicago cites well-known reference works such as Wikipedia in notes only, not in the bibliography.
This event on Middle East, 1900–present: https://middleeast.events/event/occupation-of-constantinople
If you use the map’s borders: CShapes 2.0 - historical country borders. Schvitz, G., et al. (2022). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. https://icr.ethz.ch/data/cshapes/ (modified by middleeast.events); West Bank Areas A/B/C: UN OCHA / HDX "Oslo Agreement" Areas A/B/C (West Bank). Distributed under the legacy HumanitarianResponse.info terms: non-commercial use with credit to UN OCHA. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/state-of-palestine-other-0-0-0-0-0; some corrected border points: GeoNames - CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://www.geonames.org/
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Text from Wikipedia, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 by Wikipedia contributors, from the article Occupation of Constantinople. Classes are Wikidata’s labels (CC0). “Part of” is Wikidata’s statement, in its labels (CC0).